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GCSE PHYSICAL EDUCATION

GCSE PHYSICAL EDUCATION. REVISION Class of 2009. Section A Training and Exercise. Reasons for taking part in physical activity. Health, Fitness and performance. Skill related fitness. Principles of Training. Methods of Training. Section B Safety and Risk Assessment in Sport:.

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GCSE PHYSICAL EDUCATION

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  1. GCSE PHYSICAL EDUCATION REVISION Class of 2009

  2. Section ATraining and Exercise • Reasons for taking part in physical activity. • Health, Fitness and performance. • Skill related fitness. • Principles of Training. • Methods of Training.

  3. Section BSafety and Risk Assessment in Sport: • Prevention of Injury • Sports Injuries

  4. Section C: Anatomy and physiology • Circulatory System. • Respiratory System. • Bones • Joints, Tendons, Ligaments. • Muscles and Muscle Action.

  5. Reasons for taking part in physical activity. Reasons why take part in sport • Physical • Social • Psychological

  6. Hints and Tips:In the exam you will need to be able to relate the reasons for taking part in certain sports / activities to a certain reason.Make sure you can adapt the reason you have learnt for different types of people.E.g. Saturday football team = social / personal

  7. Different assets for different sports There are many different factors that affect participation and performance. Examples • Body build • Speed • Endurance • Strength • Power

  8. There are six skill related fitness factors: Agility Balance Co-ordination Power Reaction time Speed THINK OF DIFFERENT SPORTS AND IN WHAT ORDER THESE WOULD BE IMPORTANT. Hints and Tips

  9. Health, exercise, fitness and performance Definitions: You need to know the definitions

  10. Health Health is a state of complete mental, physical and social well-being not simply the absence of disease or infirmity.

  11. Exercise Exercise is a form of physical activity done primarily to improve one’s health and physical fitness.

  12. Fitness Fitness is the ability to meet the demands of the environment.

  13. Performance Performance is how well the task is completed.

  14. Diet and Sport Consider different dietary requirements for different sports. Examples: Shot putter v Gymnast v Long distance runner.

  15. Diet Seven factors of a balanced diet. • Carbohydrates • Fats • Proteins • Vitamins • Minerals • Water • Fibre Make sure you know what we need each one for to aid performance.

  16. Body composition Body composition is defined as ‘ the percentage of body weight which is fat, muscle and bone’

  17. Somatotypes This is the technical name for body type, also referred to as body build or Physique.

  18. Scoring body types Measurements are taken and a score is given out of seven. # Endomorph (fat score) # Mesomorph (muscle score) # Ectomorph (thinness score) Hints and Tips: Make sure you can explain different types of somatotypes to different sports and how this affects performance.

  19. The Principles of Training • Consider individual needs • Specificity • Overload • Progression • Reversibility • Tedium

  20. FITT Principle Frequency Intensity Time Type

  21. Methods of training • Interval training – periods of work followed by periods of rest. High intensity – good for anaerobic work. • Continuous training – working continuously at moderate to slow speed. • Fartlek – (speedplay) Running at various speeds over varying distances and terrain. • Circuit – variety of exercises in a circuit.

  22. Muscular strength and muscular endurance • Muscular strength is the ability of the muscles to exert force, or the amount of force required to produce a single maximum effort. E.g. Weight lifting • Muscular endurance is the ability to use the voluntary muscles many times without getting tired.

  23. Section B:Safety and Risk Assessment in Sport • Prevention of Injury. • Sports Injuries

  24. Risk and safety aspects associated with taking part in sport Injuries happen in sport happen, but can be reduced through: • Obeying the rules • Correct clothing and equipment • Balanced competition • Warming Up and cooling down

  25. Sports Injuries Injuries to joints: • twisted ankle joints • dislocations • torn cartilage • overuse injuries – tennis elbow, golf elbow Hints and Tips: Make sure you can recognise the signs and symptoms of these types of injuries.

  26. Skin damage • Cuts • Grazes • Blisters • Bruises

  27. RICE • R – Rest • I – Ice • C – Compression • E - Elevate

  28. Hypothermia, Dehydration, Unconsciousness, Concussion. • Hypothermia – body temp falls below 35 c • Dehydration – occurs during long duration or extreme heat conditions. Recognised by tiredness, nausea and dizziness. • Unconsciousness – caused by reduced supply of blood, heart attack, stroke, shock, hypothermia, epilepsy, suffocation or drowning • Causes – blows to the head or the jaw. • Concussion – occurs normally when there is a blow to the head, maybe become unconscious, cold and have a high pulse rate.

  29. Section C: Anatomy and physiology • Circulatory system • Respiratory System • Bones • Joints Tendons Ligaments • Muscles and Muscle Action

  30. The Heart • The components of the heart. • The Blood Vessels • The pathway of the Blood

  31. The parts of the Heart REMEMBER L O R D = Left Oxygenated Right Deoxygenated RIGHTLEFT Aorta Vena Cava Pulmonary Artery Semi Lunar Valve Pulmonary Veins Right Atrium Left Atrium Bicuspid Valve Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Vena Cava Semi Lunar Valve

  32. Blood Vessels Capillaries = Smallest of all vessels. Arteries = Oxygenated Blood, thick elastic walls, small Lumen. Veins = Deoxygenated Blood, Valves, large Lumen.

  33. Where the blood goes Blood is pumped away from the heart by 2 routes. # one route to the lungs # the other to the working muscles (body) Hints and Tips: Learn the anatomy of the heart – atrium, ventricles, valves and blood direction.

  34. The Pulmonary system = To the lungs De-oxygenated blood: right atrium – through the vena cava – tricuspid valve – right ventricle – into pulmonary system – lungs – back to the heart as oxygenated blood.

  35. The systemic system = to the Heart Oxygenated Blood: Left atrium – oxygenated blood – bicuspid valve – left ventricle – semi lunar valve – out of aorta – to working body. Hints and Tips: If its going away from the heart, it starts with an A. If its going to the heart it starts with a V.

  36. Stroke volume The amount of blood pumped by the heart with each beat (EACH STROKE OF THE HEART) As you get fitter your Stroke Volume Increases.

  37. Cardiac Output the amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute CO = HR x SV As you get fitter your Cardiac Output Increases.

  38. Heart Rate Heart rate – the number of times the heart beats PER MINUTE The fitter you get the lower your resting Pulse. Also your recovery rate decreases.

  39. Tests for cardiovascular fitness • Multi stage fitness test (Bleep test) • Cooper 12 minute run test • Harvard step test Hints and Tips: Know what resting HR, working HR and recovery rates mean.

  40. Respiratory fitness • Breathing • Passage of air • Alveoli • Gaseous exchange • Respiration and Sport

  41. Passage of air • Through the nose which filters and warms the air. • Trachea – bronchus – bronchioles - alveoli

  42. Alveoli and gaseous exchange • Alveoli – contact with capillaries – oxygen delivered to working muscles – carbon dioxide taken out. Hints and Tips: Understand and explain gaseous exchange and relate it to sporting situations.

  43. The effects of exercise • faster heart rate • quicker and deeper breathing • rise in body temperature • sweating • muscle ache Hints and Tips: explain why these happen and link these effects to the respiratory system.

  44. Exercise – Aerobic and Anaerobic exercise • Both systems improve with training. • Aerobic improvements in endurance. • Anaerobic improvements in events requiring short bursts of energy.

  45. Bones • Types of bones according to their function • Bones of the vertebrae

  46. The Four Functions Of The Skeleton 1. Support 2. Protection 3. Movement 4. Shape

  47. The Types Of Bones Long Bones:Flat Bones: Short Bones:Irregular Bones: Humerus, Femur, Tibia, Metacarpals, Metatarsals etc. Cranium (skull), Pelvis, Scapula, Ribs etc. Vertebrae , facial bones. Tarsals, Carpals, etc.

  48. The vertebral Column / Spine Try to remember: Call The Ladies Something Clever mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm This is where the ribs are attached. mmm

  49. Joints A joint is where two or more bones meet. • Different types of joints • Synovial joints • Movement possibilities

  50. Synovial joints Ball and Socket Hinge Gliding Condyloid Pivot

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