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TAKS Review Activities Spring 2011

TAKS Review Activities Spring 2011. TAKS Objective 2. The student will demonstrate an understanding of the organization of living systems. .

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TAKS Review Activities Spring 2011

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  1. TAKS Review Activities Spring 2011

  2. TAKS Objective 2 The student will demonstrate an understanding of the organization of living systems.

  3. Biology 4B Cellular ProcessesInvestigate and identify cellular processes including homeostasis, permeability, energy production, transportation of molecules, disposal of wastes, function of cellular parts, and synthesis of new molecules. (NEW) Investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of molecules, and synthesis of new molecules.

  4. Focus: Students in a biology class at Midway High School established a fresh-water aquatic habitat in a large classroom aquarium. They added aquatic plants, small amphibians, such as frogs, and fish. Every student brought in either an animal or a plant to add to the habitat. The organisms were either collected by the student from near the school or purchased at a pet store. A small aerator was installed to provide oxygen to the aquatic habitat. An ultraviolet lamp was also installed to provide an alternative to sunlight. • Explain why it is necessary for the aerator to continually pump oxygen into the aquatic habitat. Be specific in terms of what processes are occurring in both plants and animals. • How would the animals and plants in the habitat be affected by removing the ultraviolet light source? Be specific. http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/ecb/photosynthesis_respiration.php

  5. 3. One of the students brought in a fish they had collected on a trip to the beach. The fish was collected directly from the ocean. The fish died very soon after being introduced to the fresh-water environment. What caused the salt-water fish species to die in the classroom aquarium? It may be helpful to use an illustration as part of your explanation. http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_osmosis_works.html

  6. 4B (Same #) • Investigate and identify cellular processes including • Homeostasis • Energy Conversions • Transport of molecules • Synthesis of new molecules

  7. Homeostasis • This is the maintenance of the normal operating conditions of an organism. • In other words: keeping all body & cellular conditions doing what they are supposed to be doing • An external & internal state of balance

  8. Permeability • Ability of substances to pass through the cell membrane • Selectivelypermeable—only allows certain substances through.

  9. Energy Production (ATP) • Photosynthesis: • Chloroplasts in plants/producers use sunlight to produce energy in the form of food • 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 • Cellular Respiration • All living organisms use the food energy from producers to make ATP for body functions • C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O

  10. .

  11. Cell Transport • Passive Transport: does not require energy • Diffusion: movement of substances from high to low concentrations • Osmosis = Diffusion of WATER only • Active Transport – requires energy (ATP) • Exocytosis – substances exit • Endocytosis – substances go in

  12. Cell Part Function

  13. Read carefully: Notice it says animal cell!

  14. Determine % of water on each side of the membrane – only the water will move NOT the starch

  15. I need to remember: Explain the similarities and differences between homeostasis, diffusion, and osmosis. Summarize the similarities and differences between the process of photosynthesis and respiration. Be able to recognize the equations for each, including the formula for glucose.

  16. Biology 4B: Differences in Plant and Animal Cells and Cell Structure (Day 2-Exit only) Investigate and identify cellular processes including homeostasis, permeability, energy production, transportation of molecules, disposal of wastes, function of cellular parts, and synthesis of new molecules. (NEW) Investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of molecules, and synthesis of new molecules.

  17. Focus: Explain why an elite athlete like Lance Armstrong would have more mitochondria in his cells than an average adult male. Plant cell illustration: http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer1a.htm#plant Animal cell illustration: http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer1a.htm#animal Comparison of cells w/function of cellular parts http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm

  18. Student Activity • Working with a partner, list as many cell structures and their functions as you can remember.

  19. Definition of Cell A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.

  20. Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Bacteria Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell

  21. Two Types of Cells Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

  22. Prokaryotic • Do not have structures surrounded by membranes • Few internal structures • One-celled organisms, Bacteria http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html

  23. Eukaryotic • Contain organelles surrounded by membranes • Most living organisms Plant Animal http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html

  24. “Typical” Animal Cell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif

  25. “Typical” Plant Cell http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif

  26. Cell Parts Organelles

  27. Surrounding the Cell

  28. Cell Membrane • Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell • Double layer http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  29. Cell Wall • Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria • Supports & protects cells http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  30. Inside the Cell

  31. Nucleus • Directs cell activities • Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane • Contains genetic material - DNA

  32. Nuclear Membrane • Surrounds nucleus • Made of two layers • Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  33. Chromosomes • In nucleus • Made of DNA • Contain instructions for traits & characteristics http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  34. Nucleolus • Inside nucleus • Contains RNA to build proteins http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  35. Cytoplasm • Gel-like mixture • Surrounded by cell membrane • Contains hereditary material

  36. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Moves materials around in cell • Smooth type: lacks ribosomes • Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  37. Ribosomes • Each cell contains thousands • Make proteins • Found on ribosomes & floating throughout the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  38. Mitochondria • Produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates • Controls level of water and other materials in cell • Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  39. Golgi Bodies • Protein 'packaging plant' • Move materials within the cell • Move materials out of the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  40. Lysosome • Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates • Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal • Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  41. Vacuoles • Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal • Contains water solution • Help plants maintain shape http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  42. I need to remember: Construct a Venn diagram which illustrates the differences and similarities between plant and animal cells. List some of the cellular structures that you had forgotten and explain their function.

  43. Biology: 4C & D Viruses & Bacteria (10th & exit) 4C Compare the structure and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of viruses in causing diseases and conditions such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome, common colds, smallpox, influenza, and warts. (NEW) 4C Compare the structures of viruses to cells, describe viral reproduction, and describe the role of viruses in causing diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza. 4D Identify and describe the role of bacteria in maintaining health such as in digestion and in causing diseases such as in streptococcus infections and diphtheria. (NEW) 11CSummarize the role of microorganisms in both maintaining and disrupting the health of both organisms and ecosystems.

  44. Focus: Many students in the biology class became sick with the flu several days after setting up an aquarium. The students assumed that they were infected by a sick fish. Explain why a human cannot contract the flu from a fish. Your explanation should include a discussion of the type of infectious agent that causes the flu as well as a discussion of the reproductive cycle of that agent. • How does viral reproduction interfere with a cell’s ability to perform its normal functions? • What aren’t viruses considered to be living organisms? • What structure do viruses have that allow them to identify a specific type of cell and attach to it? http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/science/health-human-body-sci/health/virus-crisis-sci.html http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=MBY101

  45. Focus: Probiotics such as yogurt containing live cultures have become very popular for maintaining digestive health. What are the perceived benefits of taking probiotics? Why is it important that a doctor diagnose whether a patient has a virus or bacterial infection before prescribing antibiotics? http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/11/2/quicktime/e_s_6.html

  46. 4C • Compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells, describe viral reproduction, and describe the role of viruses in causing diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza.

  47. Structure and Function of Viruses • Core of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. • ‘Geometric’ in shape

  48. Structure and Function of Cells • Membrane,wall(some), cytoplasm,nucleus,organelles,nucleic acids, protein. • You will always “see” the nucleus

  49. Structure and Function of Viruses Vs. Cells • What structures and functions they have in common? • Nucleic acid (DNA, RNA = genetic info) • Protein • Can change & adapt to surroundings

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