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IDs and Definitions

IDs and Definitions. Charles Darwin Paris Commune Kaiser Wilhelm II “Tsar Liberator” Pogrom Zionism Fin-de- siecle. Questions and Imperatives. Discuss the multi-causal theory regarding World War I. France’s Third Republic. “Paris Commune”

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IDs and Definitions

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  1. IDs and Definitions • Charles Darwin • Paris Commune • Kaiser Wilhelm II • “Tsar Liberator” • Pogrom • Zionism • Fin-de-siecle

  2. Questions and Imperatives • Discuss the multi-causal theory regarding World War I.

  3. France’s Third Republic • “Paris Commune” • 1871, Thiers sent army into Paris to confiscate 200 cannon • appealed to Bismarck to release French prisoners of war • “The brutal suppression of the Commune claimed more lives than any single event in the French Revolution.” - lasted 72 days • Monarchists formed the majority in the assembly • Bourbons and Orleanistscould not decide together who should rule as a Monarch or an Emperor. • close vote in the Assembly in 1875 legitimately created the Third Republic • two chamber Parliament was established, MacMahon served as President until 1879 when he was forced to resign • Opportunist Republic (moderates) from 1879-1899 • Radical Republic (those looking for reforms) from 1899-1914 • W.W.I

  4. United Germany • Bismarck’s Alliance system • Bismarck’s Kulturkampf • Wilhelm II – new emperor • champion of the worker? • got rid of the Anti-Socialist Laws • did not renew the Reinsurance Agreement with Russia • canceled “orders in council” and gone is Bismarck • change in education (old Gymnasium system of history, Greek, Latin, literature changed to technical schools (engineers) and realschüles (business, math...) • Wandervögel(1900-1901) - hiking youth group • Colonial Power • Naval power (dreadnoughts)

  5. Russian Romanov Family • Tsar Alexander I (1801-1825) - died • strict authoritarian control within Russia • Tsar Nicholas I (1825-1855) - died • similar in actions to Alexander I • Tsar Alexander II (1855-1881) - assassinated • more moderate than previous Tsars • instituted reforms, including education and legal, freed serfs • “Tsar Liberator” • realized his country was behind the times • radical Socialist movement, Tsar killed by group called “Will of the People” • Tsar Alexander III (1881-1894) – died • moved in opposite direction, initiating a period of autocratic rule • all opposition in Russia was suppressed • Tsar Nicholas II (1894-1917) - assassinated • son of Alexander III, mild mannered and did not look forward to birthright • continued with father’s methods • industrialization had been making its way in Russia and urbanization caused crowed cities • same process that happened in western nations would happen here • growth of middle class who wants to share in representative government • lower classes strikes and demonstrations

  6. Russia • Russo-Japanese War • war took its toll on the Russian people • Sunday, January 9, a crowd of about 20K went to the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg to take a petition ask the Tsar to “make life better” • “Bloody Sunday” • limited reforms, including parliament (Duma) • Pogroms • Zionism • Theodore Herzl (father of Zionist movement)

  7. Austro-Hungarian Empire • Austrian Empire ruled by the Habsburgs • following Austro-Prussian War in 1866, Austrians created Dual Monarchy • Austria and Hungary became two separate nations • Franz Joseph remained Emperor of Austria and became King of Hungary • this was considered a compromise • PAN-SLAVISM: advocating political union of Slavic races • Czechs, Slovaks, Slovenes, Serbs, Croates, and Ruthenians were under Austrian rule • Poles were also considered Slavs, but some lived under Austrian control and others under Russian control • Slavs wanted to throw off Habsburg rule • ethnic clashes got worse within the empire

  8. Causes of World War I • MULTI-CAUSAL THEORY • French and Alsace-Lorraine (French never forgot!, “talk about it never, remember it always) • turbulence in the Balkans • Germany under Wilhelm II • irredentism under Habsburgs (annexation of other regions) • rising nationalism (throughout Europe, industrialization caused people to move to cities, changes in scientific beliefs changed religious beliefs, education better, Nationalism supplanting the Church) • imperialist rivalries (colonization made nations rivals) • militarism(grew out of the need to protect one’s interests) • OR GERMANY AS AGGRESSOR?

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