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IDs and Definitions

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gypsy
8 diapositives · 228 Views · Jul 18, 2014

This comprehensive examination of European history delves into pivotal events from the Paris Commune of 1871 to the multi-causal factors leading to World War I. It explores the dynamics of France's Third Republic, the legacy of Tsar Alexander II known as the "Tsar Liberator," and the rise of nationalism and Zionism. Addressing the oppressive rule within the Russian Empire, the role of Kaiser Wilhelm II, and the impact of colonial powers, this study highlights the complexities of political, social, and military developments that shaped modern Europe.

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IDs and Definitions
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  1. IDs and Definitions • Charles Darwin • Paris Commune • Kaiser Wilhelm II • “Tsar Liberator” • Pogrom • Zionism • Fin-de-siecle

  2. Questions and Imperatives • Discuss the multi-causal theory regarding World War I.

  3. France’s Third Republic • “Paris Commune” • 1871, Thiers sent army into Paris to confiscate 200 cannon • appealed to Bismarck to release French prisoners of war • “The brutal suppression of the Commune claimed more lives than any single event in the French Revolution.” - lasted 72 days • Monarchists formed the majority in the assembly • Bourbons and Orleanistscould not decide together who should rule as a Monarch or an Emperor. • close vote in the Assembly in 1875 legitimately created the Third Republic • two chamber Parliament was established, MacMahon served as President until 1879 when he was forced to resign • Opportunist Republic (moderates) from 1879-1899 • Radical Republic (those looking for reforms) from 1899-1914 • W.W.I

  4. United Germany • Bismarck’s Alliance system • Bismarck’s Kulturkampf • Wilhelm II – new emperor • champion of the worker? • got rid of the Anti-Socialist Laws • did not renew the Reinsurance Agreement with Russia • canceled “orders in council” and gone is Bismarck • change in education (old Gymnasium system of history, Greek, Latin, literature changed to technical schools (engineers) and realschüles (business, math...) • Wandervögel(1900-1901) - hiking youth group • Colonial Power • Naval power (dreadnoughts)

  5. Russian Romanov Family • Tsar Alexander I (1801-1825) - died • strict authoritarian control within Russia • Tsar Nicholas I (1825-1855) - died • similar in actions to Alexander I • Tsar Alexander II (1855-1881) - assassinated • more moderate than previous Tsars • instituted reforms, including education and legal, freed serfs • “Tsar Liberator” • realized his country was behind the times • radical Socialist movement, Tsar killed by group called “Will of the People” • Tsar Alexander III (1881-1894) – died • moved in opposite direction, initiating a period of autocratic rule • all opposition in Russia was suppressed • Tsar Nicholas II (1894-1917) - assassinated • son of Alexander III, mild mannered and did not look forward to birthright • continued with father’s methods • industrialization had been making its way in Russia and urbanization caused crowed cities • same process that happened in western nations would happen here • growth of middle class who wants to share in representative government • lower classes strikes and demonstrations

  6. Russia • Russo-Japanese War • war took its toll on the Russian people • Sunday, January 9, a crowd of about 20K went to the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg to take a petition ask the Tsar to “make life better” • “Bloody Sunday” • limited reforms, including parliament (Duma) • Pogroms • Zionism • Theodore Herzl (father of Zionist movement)

  7. Austro-Hungarian Empire • Austrian Empire ruled by the Habsburgs • following Austro-Prussian War in 1866, Austrians created Dual Monarchy • Austria and Hungary became two separate nations • Franz Joseph remained Emperor of Austria and became King of Hungary • this was considered a compromise • PAN-SLAVISM: advocating political union of Slavic races • Czechs, Slovaks, Slovenes, Serbs, Croates, and Ruthenians were under Austrian rule • Poles were also considered Slavs, but some lived under Austrian control and others under Russian control • Slavs wanted to throw off Habsburg rule • ethnic clashes got worse within the empire

  8. Causes of World War I • MULTI-CAUSAL THEORY • French and Alsace-Lorraine (French never forgot!, “talk about it never, remember it always) • turbulence in the Balkans • Germany under Wilhelm II • irredentism under Habsburgs (annexation of other regions) • rising nationalism (throughout Europe, industrialization caused people to move to cities, changes in scientific beliefs changed religious beliefs, education better, Nationalism supplanting the Church) • imperialist rivalries (colonization made nations rivals) • militarism(grew out of the need to protect one’s interests) • OR GERMANY AS AGGRESSOR?