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Definitions and IDs:

Definitions and IDs:. John Wyclif / Jan Hus “You are burning a goose, but a swan will follow that you can not burn.” schism posthumously Peace of Augsburg: “ cuius regio, eius religio” Sola Fidei / Sola Scriptura Diet of Worms Council of Trent / Catholic Counter-Reformation

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Definitions and IDs:

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  1. Definitions and IDs: • John Wyclif / Jan Hus • “You are burning a goose, but a swan will follow that you can not burn.” • schism • posthumously • Peace of Augsburg: “cuius regio, eius religio” • Sola Fidei / Sola Scriptura • Diet of Worms • Council of Trent / Catholic Counter-Reformation • Act of Supremacy (England)

  2. Questions / Imperatives • The Reformation (schism of the Christian Church) caused religious and political turmoil in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Discuss the effects of the Reformation in Europe. • How did the Church of Rome react to Martin Luther and the ensuing “Reformation?” • Discuss Henry VIII and his children with regard to the leadership and religion of England. • Discuss the “what, when, where, how” and “significance” of the other Reformers - Zwingli, Calvin, and Knox.

  3. Christianity and Rome

  4. Pre-Reformation, 15th centuryFor the sake of religion John Wyclif (1330-1384) • An Englishman, who railed against the wealth of the Church • Condemned the claims of the church to secular possessions • Rejected papal supremacy • Denounced the annual tax (Peter’s pence) paid by the English people to the papacy • Emphasized the bible rather than tradition…scriptures alone declared the will of God • Began to translate parts of the bible into English in 1382 and died 2 years later • Burned as a heretic posthumously • Most of Wyclif’s followers, called Lollards (deriving from the word lollar…”mumblers of prayers and psalms” was that which they criticized) were from the lower classes

  5. Pre-Reformation, 15th centuryFor the sake of religion • Jan Hus (1372-1415) • A Czech professor at Prague • Influenced (to some extent) by Wyclif • condemned the claims of the church to secular possessions • condemned the existing system of indulgences • stressed the concept of predestination • believed in the Church of the elect • believed in receiving Eucharist under both species, bread and wine • attended the Council of Constance to help end the schism in the church…here he was arrested for his ideas • burned at the stake

  6. Martin Luther (1483-1546) • Luther born in Eisleben, an important mining center in Germany • Luther attended school at the Brethren of the Common Life for one year at age 14...faculty made up of both religious and lay people who lived a monastic way of life without taking vows • “My beloved city” - Eisenach - Luther there from age 15-18 as a student...it was close to his relatives...in Latin school...lived with a family and tutored their children • Luther entered university in Erfurt: Two prerequisites for study at medieval universities? a solid foundation in Latin and proof of legitimate birth… • July 2, 1505: Saint Anna, help me, I will become a Monk” • But on July 17, 1505, enters Augustinian Monastery in Erfurt • a day in the life of a Monk...first office in the morning (2AM), followed by praise, 6AM office- first hour of the day, 9AM office - third hour of the day followed by mass, 12 noon office - the sixth hour, 3PM office - the ninth hour, 7PM final prayer...monks retired at 8PM • ordained a priest and had first Mass on May 2, 1507

  7. Luther and “Sola Scriptura” • begins teaching in Wittenberg • Luther had traveled to Rome (1510)...Raphael was painting the Vatican and Michelangelo, the Sistine Chapel • Luther received his doctorate in 1512 • Luther never felt worthy despite constant praying, fasting etc. • Continued education resulted in a Martin Luther who was confident in his interpretation of the Holy Scriptures • what had haunted him most was the concept of the righteousness of God -- if God was righteous then he would punish -- this frightened Luther until his “Tower experience” • The Holy Scriptures became the center of his theology...everything could be answered in the scriptures. • the theme of Luther’s life - God’s revelation of Himself in the Bible • Sola Scriptura (only Scripture)...Luther took the New Testament (since early church to the present) and applied it to everything...it was a maturing process (wheat and weeds)

  8. Luther’s problems with the Church • celibacy is not biblical...this was a weed • According Luther, monastic vows conflict with faith because they embrace works rather than God’s promise of mercy….vows are not commanded by God, they are counter to God’s word. • indulgences (the cancellation of temporal penalty of sin)...this was a weed • samples of indulgences...going on crusades, prayers, good works, going to shrines, meditation, charity,...could purchase an indulgence for a price... • a Dominican named Tetzel was selling indulgences • the sales jingle was “As soon as the coin into the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory to heaven springs”

  9. THE 95 THESES!!!!!!!!!!!!! • Luther posted his 95 theses in October, 1517 on the castle church door • Luther had hoped to convert the church from within • the Catholic church was based on sacraments and good works getting one into heaven • Luther believed that one was justified by faith alone – Sola Fidei • Luther saw the people as being blocked from heaven by the Catholic church • Luther’s theses had spread like wildfire, having been copied and circulated (Luther had sent copy only to Erfurt friend Johann Lang, but...) • Luther sent an explanation of his 95 theses, in both Latin and German to the Bishop of Brandenburg stating that he would like to debate these issues • the church did not want to admit guilt...would rather have a cover-up...charged Luther with heresy and excommunicated him

  10. Luther refuses to retract his writings

  11. On the way to Worms • First, the Leipzig debate, 1519 • Diet of Worms, 1521 • Unless I am convinced by the testimony of the Scriptures or by clear reason...I am bound by the scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not retract anything, since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. I cannot do otherwise, here I stand, may God help me.

  12. Taken by Frederick the Wise • Protected by Frederick at the Wartburg Castle in Eisenach • Translated the New Testament into German • Luther returned to Wittenberg and began to make changes

  13. 1525-1560s • 1525 - German Peasants’ revolt • 1525 - Clergy and nuns begin to leave the Roman Church • 1530 – Augsburg Confession • 1545 – Beginning of Council of Trent • 1546 – Death of Luther • 1555 – Peace of Augsburg • cuiusregio, eiusreligio - “his reign, his religion”...

  14. Other Reformers: • Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) • First generation reformer, along with Luther • introduced the Reformation in Switzerland • After Luther’s debate in Leipzig in 1519, Zwingli hailed Luther as a new Elijah • The affair of the sausages • a rare gift from God that we do not have • 1523 - Zwingli prepared his sixty-seven articles, the charter of the Zurich Reformation • affirmed salvation by grace alone • insisted upon the full and final authority of Scripture • rejected the pope, the mass, good works for salvation • Rejected intercession of the saints, monastic orders • rejected celibate clergy, penance, and purgatory

  15. Other Reformers: • JOHN CALVIN (1509-1564) a second-generation Reformer • Influenced by Luther and Zwingli • bible is ultimate authority (not canon law or the papacy) • believed there was corruption in the papacy • established the Calvinist church in Geneva • One of history’s most remarkable detours / A curse or a threat • Calvinist church had elders (seen as predestined)…checked on the members of the community by asking them questions, concerning their sins • later the Calvinists became pilgrims and puritans • The most significant single statement of Protestantism - Calvin’s “Institutes of the Christian Religion”

  16. Other Reformers: • John Knox (2nd generation Reformer) (1513-72) • influenced by John Calvin • Believed that the Genevan (Swiss) Reformation was “the most perfect school of Christ” • Was forced to Geneva as a refugee due to Mary Tudor’s campaign against Protestants in Scotland • He was a radical Protestant, spending 19 months as a French galley slave after a Scottish uprising • Founder of the Church of Scotland (Presbyterianism) • Lutheranism had spread in Northern Germany and into the Scandinavian countries • the printing press helped to spread the Lutheran ideas...Bible, writings,...

  17. Henry VIII and English Reformation • Henry VII of England victoriously concluded the civil wars in England and began his Tudor dynasty • his first son Arthur married Catherine of Aragon (Spain was and remained a Catholic country) • After five months, Arthur died • What to do, what to do??? • papal dispensation (Leviticus 18:6-18 prohibited marriages between close relatives) • Henry VIII, King of England in 1509 • He and Catherine (#1) had a daughter – Mary Tudor in 1516 • By 1525, Catherine was 40 years old and there appeared no hope for more children • Anne Boleyn, a lady of the court (and a Protestant) • Henry appealed to Pope Clement VII to annul his marriage to Catherine based on Leviticus • NO!

  18. More… • So, who else could give him a divorce • Henry had earned the title of “FideiDefensor” for denouncing Martin Luther • Henry also gained support in Parliament for attacking the Church’s privileges and property • Thomas Cromwell suggested that the Crown displace the Pope as head of the Church of England (1529) • Anne Boleyn (#2) already pregnant with their daughter Elizabeth • The Pope annulled the annulment and excommunicated Henry • “Act of Supremacy” – not an introduction to Protestantism, but a break from the Papacy • Anne was crowned Queen in June 1533 and it angered many Englishwomen • Henry’s passions for Anne waned and her future pregnancies ended in miscarriage • Henry is in a pickle • Catherine died in 1536 and Henry’s marriage to Anne was declared void and she was beheaded on charges of adultery • Almost immediately, Henry married Jane Seymour (#3), another lady of the court • She bore Henry a son, Edward in 1537 and died in childbirth

  19. More… • Henry next married Anne of Cleves (#4) in 1540 • Henry married Catherine Howard (#5), but she lacked discretion around the court and was beheaded for adultery in 1542 • Henry married one last time in 1543 – Catherine Parr (#6) • She remained in both his political and marital beds and outlived him • Henry VIII died in 1547 and the Tudor succession passed to his children • Edward came to the throne at age 9 • Mary Tudor followed Edward (recall – Act of Supremacy) • She removed Protestant clergy on the grounds that they had broken their vow of celibacy • She restored the mass • Mary married Philip of Spain, also a Catholic • Some had conspired to exclude Mary as an illegitimate daughter, opting for a Protestant grandniece • She and Philip had no children and he returned to Spain

  20. More… • Mary died in 1558 and was succeeded by her half-sister Elizabeth • Elizabeth I (last of Tudor dynasty) reigned from 1558-1603 • It was a 45 year love affair between the English people and the Queen • Under Elizabeth, as a daughter of Anne Boleyn, England went back to Protestantism • Elizabeth came to the throne at age 25 • Had many suitors, but only one love, Earl Robert Dudley • Elizabeth was diplomatic and spoke several languages • she did not let her heart rule her head • she sought a middle ground between religious extremes

  21. The Stuarts • Henry VII’s sister Margaret • Margaret had a son James V who had a daughter Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots • Mary Stuart, part of a conspiracy to murder her own husband • She abdicated in favor of her son James VI and fled to England to seek help from Elizabeth • Queen Elizabeth put Mary under house arrest • Mary was later beheaded (1587) when implicated in a plot against the Queen • When Queen Elizabeth died in 1603, King James VI of Scotland became King James I of England

  22. What is going on in America at this time?

  23. DISCUSSION QUESTION: What long-running threads can we see in the last 500 years beginning with the Reformation?

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