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Civil law codes

Civil law codes. The two most influential civil codes in the world? Who follows Nature of rules. Civil law codes.

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Civil law codes

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  1. Civil law codes The two most influential civil codes in the world? • Who follows • Nature of rules

  2. Civil law codes “… the basic codes remain to the civilian, as the common law remains to us, the very core of the legal order, containing not only rules but also the general principles which give life and systematic direction to every positive norm…” Rudolf Schlesinger (1959) • Why survived? (Kate, Jordan) • Drawbacks? (Leslie, Jenny)

  3. French Civil Code Napoleonic Code 1804 Four jurists/lawyers German Civil Code Burgerliches Gesetzbuck (BGB) 1896, eff. 1900 University “Pandecists” Questions ID differences (Jordan, Jenny) Former Soviet countries (Jordan) Belgium Brazil Indochina Italy Japan Netherlands Nordic countries Northern Africa Portugal Spain Latin America Switzerland Civil law codes

  4. French Civil Code Napoleonic Code 1804 Four jurists/lawyers German Civil Code Burgerliches Gesetzbuck (BGB) 1896, eff. 1900 University “Pandecists” Questions ID differences (Jordan, Jenny) Former Soviet countries (Jordan) Belgium Brazil Indochina Italy Japan Netherlands Nordic countries Northern Africa Portugal Spain Latin America Switzerland Civil law codes

  5. French Civil Code Napoleonic Code 1804 Four jurists/lawyers German Civil Code Burgerliches Gesetzbuck (BGB) 1896, eff. 1900 University “Pandecists” Questions ID differences (Jordan, Jenny) Former Soviet countries (Jordan) French Civil Code Art. 1108 Four requisites are essential for the validity of an agreement:      The consent of the party who binds himself;      His capacity to contract;      A definite object which forms the subject-matter of the undertaking;      A lawful cause in the obligation. Civil law codes

  6. French Civil Code Napoleonic Code 1804 Four jurists/lawyers German Civil Code Burgerliches Gesetzbuck (BGB) 1896, eff. 1900 University “Pandecists” Questions ID differences (Jordan, Jenny) Former Soviet countries (Jordan) German BGB § 151. [Acceptance without declaration to the offerer] The contract is concluded by the acceptance of the offer, without the necessity that the offerer be notified of the acceptance, if such notification is not to be expected according to common usage, or if the offerer has waived it. The moment at which the offer expires is determined according to the intention of the offerer in the light of the offer or the circumstances. Civil law codes

  7. French Civil Code Napoleonic Code 1804 Four jurists/lawyers German Civil Code Burgerliches Gesetzbuck (BGB) 1896, eff. 1900 University “Pandecists” Questions ID differences (Jordan, Jenny) Former Soviet countries (Jordan) Belgium Brazil Indochina Italy Japan Netherlands Nordic countries Northern Africa Portugal Spain Latin America Switzerland Civil law codes

  8. Belgium Brazil Indochina Italy Japan Netherlands Nordic countries Northern Africa Portugal Spain Latin America Switzerland Civil law codes

  9. Belgium(1804) Brazil Indochina Italy Japan Netherlands Nordic countries Northern Africa Portugal Spain Latin America Switzerland Civil law codes

  10. Belgium Brazil (1916) Indochina Italy Japan Netherlands Nordic countries Northern Africa Portugal Spain Latin America Switzerland Civil law codes

  11. Belgium Brazil Indochina Italy Japan Netherlands Nordic countries Northern Africa Portugal Spain Latin America Switzerland Civil law codes

  12. Belgium Brazil Indochina Italy (1942) Japan Netherlands Nordic countries Northern Africa Portugal Spain Latin America Switzerland Civil law codes

  13. Belgium Brazil Indochina Italy Japan (Korea) Netherlands Nordic countries Northern Africa Portugal Spain Latin America Switzerland Civil law codes

  14. Belgium Brazil Indochina Italy Japan Netherlands (1838 / 1967) Nordic countries Northern Africa Portugal Spain Latin America Switzerland Civil law codes

  15. Belgium Brazil Indochina Italy Japan Netherlands Nordic countries Northern Africa Portugal Spain Latin America Switzerland Civil law codes

  16. Belgium Brazil Indochina Italy Japan Netherlands Nordic countries Northern Africa Portugal Spain Latin America Switzerland Civil law codes

  17. Belgium Brazil Indochina Italy Japan Netherlands Nordic countries Northern Africa Portugal (1867 / 1967) Spain Latin America Switzerland Civil law codes

  18. Belgium Brazil Indochina Italy Japan Netherlands Nordic countries Northern Africa Portugal Spain (1889) Latin America Switzerland Civil law codes

  19. Belgium Brazil Indochina Italy Japan Netherlands Nordic countries Northern Africa Portugal Spain Latin America Switzerland Civil law codes

  20. Belgium Brazil Indochina Italy Japan Netherlands Nordic countries Northern Africa Portugal Spain Latin America Switzerland (Turkey 1926) Civil law codes

  21. French Civil Code Persons Property Ways one acquires property Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis German Civil Code General part Law of obligations Law of property Family law Law of succession Civil law codes

  22. Coverage? Civil rights Political rights Rights in private relationships Respect for human body Right of privacy French Civil Code

  23. Coverage? Civil rights Political rights Rights in private relationships Respect for human body Right of privacy French Civil Code

  24. Family law rules? Divorce is “effective end of marriage relationship” Sperm donor cannot be subject to paternity suits Surrogate mother loses maternal rights if gives consent before notary Illegitimate children have no rights French Civil Code

  25. Family law rules? Divorce if “effective end of marriage relationship” Sperm donor cannot be subject to paternity suits Surrogate mother loses maternal rights if gives consent before notary Illegitimate children have no rights French Civil Code

  26. Property rights? Types of property are immovables and movables Usufruct is the right for life to enjoy property and proceeds (like life estate) Use is right to use property, but not proceeds Condos, important in France, are not regulated in Civil Code French Civil Code

  27. Property rights? Types of property are immovables and movables Usufruct is the right for life to enjoy property and proceeds (like life estate) Use is right to use property, but not proceeds Condos, important in France, are not regulated in Civil Code French Civil Code

  28. Succession? The first topic of Book III is successions (regulate aristrocracy) Individual can bequeath as chooses, including disinheriting children If person has one child, child inherits at least 50% If person has two children, they inherit 75% Future interests are prohibited French Civil Code

  29. Succession? The first topic of Book III is successions (regulate aristrocracy) Individual can bequeath as chooses, including disinheriting children If person has one child, child inherits at least 50% If person has two children, they inherit 75% Future interests are prohibited French Civil Code

  30. Torts? “Obligations that arise without contracts” The rules on torts are essentially unchanged since 1804 The Civil Code requires the purchase of insurance by those in dangerous occupations Parents can be liable for the torts of their children French Civil Code

  31. Torts? “Obligations that arise without contracts” The rules on torts are essentially unchanged since 1804 The Civil Code requires the purchase of insurance by those in dangerous occupations Parents can be liable for the torts of their children French Civil Code

  32. Contracts / sales? Title passes immediately, once there is agreement on price and object of sale Title cannot, by agreement, pass at some future time A promesse de vente is a sales contract A lease is viewed as a type of contract, not property interest French Civil Code

  33. Contracts / sales? Title passes immediately, once there is agreement on price and object of sale Title cannot, by agreement, pass at some future time A promesse de vente is a sales contract A lease is viewed as a type of contract, not property interest French Civil Code

  34. Companies? A company is association of two or more persons to carry out business A one-person company is impossible Companies are governed exclusively by the Commercial Code Limited liability entities are all governed by Commercial Code (LLCs, limited partnership, corporations) French Civil Code

  35. Companies? A company is association of two or more persons to carry out business A one-person company is impossible Companies are governed exclusively by the Commercial Code Limited liability entities are all governed by Commercial Code (LLCs, limited partnership, corporations) French Civil Code

  36. Civil law codes Why do civil codes survive “war, revolution, political dismemberment”? In fact, why are civil codes more permanent than constitutions? What is “decodification”?

  37. General part Law of obligations Law of property Family law Law of succession The “General part” has broad notions that apply throughout the BGB. (Kate) For example, a person’s “declaration of intent” can be his own declaration or that of a duly authorized agent. (This is the default rule.) Questions: Does this mean that an agent can agree to marriage on behalf of another? Adopt a child? Sign a will? (Kate) How does one know if there is an exception? (Netherlands explicitly limits agency to “patrimony” rights) German Civil Code

  38. Juristic person? Association Foundation Partnership Close corporation Public corporation German Civil Code

  39. Juristic person? Association Foundation Partnership Close corporation Public corporation German Civil Code

  40. Obligations? There is no technical requirement of consideration Notarial form is required for a unilateral gift Contracts are created by mutual consent The Civil Code protects tenants, discouraging new construction Employment periods differ for manual and clerical workers German Civil Code

  41. Obligations? There is no technical requirement of consideration Notarial form is required for a unilateral gift Contracts are created by mutual consent The Civil Code protects tenants, discouraging new construction Employment periods differ for manual and clerical workers German Civil Code

  42. Obligations? There is no technical requirement of consideration Notarial form is required for a unilateral gift Contracts are created by mutual consent The Civil Code protects tenants, discouraging new construction Employment periods differ for manual and clerical workers (unconstitutional) German Civil Code

  43. More obligations? The relationships of principal and agent are treated as “mandates” Civil law partnerships (not involving merchants) are regulated by BGB Delicts, treated with more specificity than the French Civil Code, are viewed as a subset of obligations Discovery of documents from a third-party arises only if substantive duty German Civil Code

  44. More obligations? The relationships of principal and agent are treated as “mandates” Civil law partnerships (not involving merchants) are regulated by BGB Delicts, treated with more specificity than the French Civil Code, are viewed as a subset of obligations Discovery of documents from a third-party arises only if substantive duty German Civil Code

  45. Family law? All provisions on property are subject to principle in German Constitution: “Men and women shall have equal rights” One of first things Allied Control Council did after WWII was to replace racist Nazi marriage law Reflecting the value given marriage, there is only “fault” divorce Married couples can by notarial agreement choose their own “property regime” German Civil Code

  46. Family law? All provisions on property are subject to principle in German Constitution: “Men and women shall have equal rights” One of first things Allied Control Council did after WWII was to replace racist Nazi marriage law Reflecting the value given marriage, there is only “fault” divorce Married couples can by notarial agreement choose their own “property regime” German Civil Code

  47. Successions? The BGB lays out the order of succession There is no recognition of wills There is complete freedom of testation, thus allowing disinheritance of spouse and children There are compulsory portions for surviving spouses and children German Civil Code

  48. Successions? The BGB lays out the order of succession There is no recognition of wills There is complete freedom of testation, thus allowing disinheritance of spouse and children There are compulsory portions for surviving spouses and children German Civil Code

  49. Civil law codes What do the civil codes not cover? (Jordan, Kate) How are civil codes revised? (Kate, Leslie, Jenny)

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