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Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 25

Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 25. Identify the Types of Emission Particles Balancing Nuclear Equations Predict Nuclear Decay Products Calculate the Half-Life of a Given Process. Nuclear Decay. Some isotopes are stable, some are not Band/Zone of stability allows for predictions.

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Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 25

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  1. Nuclear ChemistryChapter 25 Identify the Types of Emission Particles Balancing Nuclear Equations Predict Nuclear Decay Products Calculate the Half-Life of a Given Process

  2. Nuclear Decay • Some isotopes are stable, some are not • Band/Zone of stability allows for predictions

  3. Types of Nuclear Particles • Alpha Particles • Beta Particles • Positron

  4. Types of Particles, cont. • Gamma Rays • Neutron • Proton

  5. Types of Nuclear Decay • Positron production 713N  613C + 10e • Electron capture • 3373As + -10e  3273Ge

  6. Alpha Decay • a- particle production 84210Po  82206Pb + 24He

  7. Types of Radioactive Decay • b-particle production 89227Ac  -10e + _______ Electron Capture: 01 n  11 p + -10e

  8. Types of Nuclear Decay • g-ray production Excited nucleus  ground state nucleus

  9. Spontaneous Fission • When ____________ nuclei ____________ • 96252Cf  lighter nuclides and neutrons

  10. Nuclear Fusion • When ___________ nuclei ___________

  11. Nuclear Chain Reaction: Self-Sustaining Fission =Process • Subcritical – less than one neutron per event • Critical – one neutron per event to produce another neutron • Supercritical – more than one neutron from each event causes more events to occur

  12. Balancing Nuclear Reactions • 36 Li + 12H  24He + ______ • 88Sr + 84Kr  116Pd + _____ • 40Ca + 248Cm  147Sm + _____ • 40Ca + 238U  70Zn + 4 10n + _____

  13. Balancing Nuclear Reactions • The alpha decay of iridium-174 • The beta decay of platinum-199 • Positron emission from sulfur-31 • Krypton-76 undergoes electron capture

  14. The Equation of a Straight Line • y = mx + b • ln[N] = -kt + ln[N0] • ln(N/N0) = -kt • t1/2 = 0.693/k • Rate = kN

  15. Example 1 Technetium 99 is used to form pictures of internal organs in the body and is often used to assess heart damage. The rate constant for 4399Tc is known to be 1.16 x 10-1 hours. What is the half life of this nuclide?

  16. Example 2 The half-life of molybdenum-99 is 67.0 hours. How much of a 1.000 mg sample of4299 Mo remains after 335 hours?

  17. Example 3 The half life of Iodine-131 is 8 days. How much of a 100 g sample will remain after 32 days?

  18. Applications of Nuclear Chemistry • Dating… how old is an object? • Medical… dyes detected because it contrasts to what’s already in your body • Weapons… Very destructive • Energy… Nuclear Power Plants

  19. Applications of Nuclear Chemistry • ENERGY!!! And lots of it! • Example: The formation of the oxygen nucleus 8 protons and 8 neutrons *mass defect* when the atom forms, it loses mass Mass of proton = 1.67262 x 10-27 kg Mass of neutron = 1.67493 x 10-27 kg Mass of oxygen atom = 2.65535 x 10-26 kg E = mc2 .

  20. Mass Defect • E = Δmc2 • Energy per mol? • Compare to energy per mole of CH4 = -882 kJ/mole • 14 million times MORE energy from nuclear reactions than chemical reactions

  21. Nuclear Power Plant:Generating Electrical Power

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