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Diabetes 101: A Brief Overview M. Sue Kirkman, MD American Diabetes Association

Diabetes 101: A Brief Overview M. Sue Kirkman, MD American Diabetes Association Senior Vice President, Medical Affairs and Community Support Acting Chief Scientific & Medical Officer. What Happens When We Eat?. After eating, most food is turned into blood glucose,

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Diabetes 101: A Brief Overview M. Sue Kirkman, MD American Diabetes Association

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  1. Diabetes 101: A Brief Overview M. Sue Kirkman, MD American Diabetes Association Senior Vice President, Medical Affairs and Community Support Acting Chief Scientific & Medical Officer

  2. What Happens When We Eat? After eating, most food is turned into blood glucose, the body’s main source of energy.

  3. Normal Blood Glucose Control In people without diabetes, glucose stays in a healthy range because Insulin is released at the right times and in the right amounts Insulin helps glucose enter cells

  4. High Blood Glucose (Hyperglycemia) In diabetes, blood glucose builds up for several possible reasons… Liver releases too much glucose Too little insulin is made Cells can’t use insulin well

  5. Symptoms of Hyperglycemia • Increased thirst • Increased urination • Blurry vision • Feeling tired • Slow healing of cuts or wounds • More frequent infections • Weight loss • Nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain

  6. Hyperglycemia Can Cause Serious Long-Term Problems Chronic complications of diabetes • Blindness • Kidney disease • Nerve damage • Amputation • Heart attack • Stroke • Loss of circulation in arms and legs

  7. Two Main Types of Diabetes Type 1 diabetes Pancreas makes too little or no insulin Type 2 diabetes • Cells do not use insulin well (insulin resistance) • Ability for pancreas to make insulin decreases over time

  8. Type 1 Diabetes • 1 in 10 people with diabetes have type 1 • Most people are under age 20 when diagnosed • Body can no longer make insulin • Insulin is always needed for treatment

  9. Symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes Symptoms usually start suddenly • Weight loss • Loss of energy • Increased thirst • Frequent urination • Hunger • Blurred vision

  10. Managing Type 1 Diabetes • Blood glucose monitoring • Education • Healthy food choices • Physical activity • Insulin

  11. Before and After Insulin Treatment

  12. Type 2 Diabetes • 9 in 10 people with diabetes have type 2 • Most people are over age 40 when diagnosed, but type 2 is becoming more common in children and teens • Type 2 is more likely in people who: • Are overweight • Belong to certain ethnic groups • Have a family history of type 2

  13. Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes • Usually subtle or no symptoms in early stages: • Increased thirst • Increased urination • Feeling tired • Blurred vision • More frequent infections • Symptoms may be mistaken for other situations or problems • 1 in 4 with type 2 aren’t aware they have it

  14. Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes May Change Over a Lifetime Always Includes: • Education • Healthy eating • Blood glucose monitoring • Physical Activity May Include: • Oral Medications • Insulin

  15. Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes • Overweight and obesity • Sedentary lifestyle • Family history of diabetes • History of gestational diabetes • Getting older • Ethnic/racial background: • African American • Hispanic/Latino • Native American

  16. No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% Obesity* Trends Among U.S. Adults - BRFSS, 1991 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’4” person)

  17. No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% Obesity* Trends Among U.S. Adults - BRFSS, 1994 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’4” person)

  18. No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20% Obesity* Trends Among U.S. Adults - BRFSS, 2000 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’4” person)

  19. 15%–19%20%–24%25%–29% ≥30% Obesity* Trends Among U.S. Adults - BRFSS, 2006 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’4” person)

  20. 1990 1995 2001 Diabetes Trends Among U.S. Adults (Includes Gestational Diabetes) BRFSS, 1990, 1995 and 2001 No Data <4% 4%-6% 6%-8% 8%-10% >10% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC

  21. Trends in Overweight Children 18 16 6-23 mo. 14 2-5 Years 6-11 Years 12 12-19 Years 10 %Overweight 8 6 4 2 0 66-70’ 71-74’ 76-80’ 88-94’ 99-00’ Year

  22. Diabetes in the United States • Nearly 26 million people in the U.S. have diabetes • 7 million people with diabetes are undiagnosed • 8.3% of the U.S. population • 26.9% of U.S. residents aged 65 years and older • 1.9 million Americans aged 20 years or older were newly diagnosed with diabetes in 2010 • Every 17 seconds, someone is diagnosed with diabetes Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

  23. Burden of Diabetes in the United States • The leading cause of: • new blindness among adults • kidney failure • non-traumatic lower-limb amputations • Increases the risk of heart attack and stroke by 2-4 fold • 7th leading cause of death • Mortality rates 2-4 times greater than non-diabetic people of the same age • Total direct and indirect cost is $174 billion a year Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

  24. Burden of Diabetes in the United States • Total direct and indirect cost of diagnosed diabetes is $174 billion a year • Total diabetes-related costs exceed $218 billion when you add gestational diabetes, prediabetes and undiagnosed diabetes • 1 in 5 health care dollars is spent caring for someone with diagnosed diabetes • 1 in 10 health care dollars is attributed to diabetes

  25. What is Prediabetes? • 1 in 3 American adults (79 million) have prediabetes • Occurs before type 2 diabetes • Blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not yet diabetes • Most people with prediabetes don’t know they have it

  26. Is There Any Good News? • Yes, we can reduce the chances of developing type 2 diabetes in high-risk people (weight loss, exercise, medications) • Yes, we can reduce the chances of developing diabetes complications through: • Blood glucose control (diet, monitoring, medication) • Blood pressure control • Cholesterol control • Regular visits to healthcare providers • Early detection and treatment of complications

  27. Preventive Efforts Are Key • Most of the diabetes costs are due to end-stage complications • Investment of resources into early diagnosis, patient education, prevention and treatments pays off in: • Longer lives • Increased productivity • Reduced costs over the long term

  28. Steps to Lower Your Risk of Diabetes Complications • A1C < 7, which is an estimated average glucose of 154mg/dl • Blood pressure < 130/80 • Cholesterol (LDL) < 100, statin therapy for high risk • Get help to quit smoking • Be active • Make healthy food choices • Take care of your feet • Get recommended screenings and early treatment for complications

  29. What We Do - Research • In 2010, the Association made $34.1 million available to support diabetes research • This funding supported 338 awards at more than 125 leading research institutions • Over the years, the Association has invested more than $530 million in diabetes research

  30. What We Do - Education • 1-800-DIABETES receives 25,000 calls a month • Health fairs, programs, camps and other events target hundreds of thousands of people around the country • Publish award-winning books and Diabetes Forecast magazine for consumers • Provide journals, books, and clinical guidelines to health care professionals around the world

  31. What We Do - Advocacy • Seek increased federal and state funding for diabetes prevention, treatment and research • •Promote public policies to prevent diabetes • Advocate to improve the availability of accessible, adequate and affordable health care • •Fight discrimination people with diabetes face at school, work, and elsewhere in their lives.

  32. More Information Experts, Resources and Other Information for Journalists: • Call 1-800-DIABETES and ask for the Communications Division • Email media@diabetes.org • Social media information: • www.Facebook.com/AmericanDiabetesAssociation • @AmDiabetesAssn • www.diabetesstopshere.org Information for the Public: • 1-800-DIABETES • www.diabetes.org • www.stopdiabetes.com

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