CHAPTER 7 and 8 COMPLETING THE REVOLUTION and TRANSFORMING the NORTH

1. CHAPTER 7 and 8 COMPLETING THE REVOLUTION and TRANSFORMING the NORTH • Life in Post-Revolutionary America 1790-1815 • Rural • Farmers • Gender Roles • Outwork and Rural Economics • Neighbors • Inheritance • Wealth and Poverty • Urban • Attitudes 44 slides 12 non writing

2. Continued Westward Expansion • Backcountry to Frontier • Indians • Post-Revolutionary Challenges to Authority • Paternalism • Alcohol • Literacy • Redefinition of Citizenship • Suffrage

3. Religion 1790 - 1820 • Political Firsts • Why Washington • Precedents • Cabinet • Hamilton’s Objectives • 1st Debate • Debt and the Bank • Troubles Ahead • Indians • France • Jay’s Treaty • Pinckney’s Treaty • Whiskey Rebellion

4. Federalists v. Republicans • Goodbye Washington, Hello Chaos • Accomplishments and Struggles • Second Presidency • Adams v. Jefferson • The French, again • XYZ Affair • Sedition Acts • Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

5. Revolution of 1800 • Jefferson v. Adams, the Rematch. • Marbury v Madison • Louisiana Purchase • Aaron Burr • Foreign Intrigue • Barbary Pirates • Napoleonic Wars • The Fourth Presidency • James Madison • The French, and English – AGAIN. • War of 1812 • Conclusion

6. Who was this new man? • He is an American, who, leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holds... Here individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men, whose labors and posterity will one day cause great changes in the world. … The American ought therefore to love this country much better than that wherein either he or his forefathers were born. Here the rewards of his industry follow with equal steps the progress of his labor; his labor founded on the basis of nature, self-interest; can it want a stronger allurement? Wives and children, ... gladly help their father to clear those fields [which] feed and clothe them all. … The American is a new man who acts upon new principles; he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions. From involuntary idleness, servile dependence, penury, and useless labor, he has passed to toils of a very different nature, rewarded by ample subsistence. - This is an American. Where is that station which can confer a more substantial system of felicity than that of an American farmer, possessing freedom of action, freedom of thought, ruled by a mode of government which requires but little from us? •  [An enlightened Englishman visiting these shores would rejoice to see an almost ideal society:] Here he beholds fair cities, substantial villages, extensive fields, an immense country filled with decent houses, good roads, orchards, meadows, and bridges, where a hundred years ago all was wild, woody, and uncultivated! ... He is arrived on a new continent; a modern society offers itself to his contemplation, different from what he had hitherto seen... The rich and the poor are not so far removed from each other as they are in Europe... We are all animated with the spirit of an industry, which is unfettered, and unrestrained, because each person works for himself. If he travels through our rural districts, he views not the hostile castle, and the haughty mansion, contrasted with the clay-built hut and miserable cabin, where cattle and men help to keep each other warm, and dwell in meanness, smoke, and indigence. A pleasing uniformity of decent competence appears throughout our habitations... Lawyer or merchant are the fairest titles our towns afford; that of a farmer is the only appellation of the rural inhabitants of our country… There is not among them an esquire, saving the unlettered magistrate. … We have no princes, for whom we toil, starve, and bleed: we are the most perfect society now existing in the world. Here man is free as he ought to be; nor is this pleasing equality so transitory as many others are.   • Michel Guillaume Jean de Crevecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer , (London, T. Davies, 1782) p.177. •  Born in Normandy in 1735, he spent several years in New France as a lieutenant during the French and Indian War. After Montcalm's defeat he made his way into the English colonies. In 1764, he took out naturalization papers in New York and began farming on a considerable scale in Orange County. Between 1770 and 1775, he wrote his Letters from an American Farmer.

7. I. Life in Post-Revolutionary America • a) Rural • i) Farmers • Overwhelmingly a nation of farmer householders in 1789 • Most farmers produced a variety of crops and animals • 1) Gender Roles • Men increasingly worked fields • Women managed the household

8. ii) Outwork and Rural Economics • Some farm families took in outwork to supplement their incomes • Nearly 1/3 of rural areas in PA were doing OUTWORK. • 1) Neighbors • Interdependence between farm families very common • Barter or trade rather than cash transactions • Costs to own and possess all that would be needed for a farm • Close knit communities, networks of cooperatives … • Few transactions were done with $. - Usually on taxes • House raising, barn raising … communal activities for me. • Women – quilting/knitting, cooking … gossip.

9. iii) Inheritance • Changes in inheritance system • Land left to all sons with cooperation among them expected • Fathers - 1)providing security for their family NOW, 2) for the future (posterity), 3) community living standards • Young men left home in search of their own wealth, their own future – either west or to the cities. • iv) Wealth and Poverty • Standards of living varied • Poor families lived simple lives • Common bowl at meal times and communal sleeping arrangements • Richer families had more amenities • Ability to light their homes at night • Larger homes with more privacy

10. b) Urban i) Attitudes • Easterners looked down on backcountry settlers • The nation’s five largest cities in 1790 were all seaport cities • Merchants amassed large fortunes • New institutions created to support manufacturing and commerce • Masses of poverty remained in seaport cities • Erosion of position of skilled artisans

11. II. Continued Westward Expansion after Revolution • Backcountry to Frontier • frontiersmen were violent, drunken, filthy "white savages." • Americans in the early nineteenth century drank a lot! • Main interest of frontiersmen – land. • The ‘national drink’ was whiskey and Americans drank a lot of whiskey. • Adopted Indian farming techniques and lived rustic lives • Backcountry farmers voiced two demands after 1789 • Federal protection from the Indians • Guarantee of right to navigate Ohio and Mississippi Rivers • Frontier settled and integrated into Union by 1803

12. b) Indians • The 5 Civilized Tribes: • Cherokee in Carolinas and Georgia • Creeks in GA and AL • Choctaws and Chickasaws in MS • Seminoles in S GA and Sp Fl. • Indians in possession of almost all land granted to the United States in the Treaty of Paris • Pressure on woodlands Indians to surrender or evacuate was immense • Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794 • Indians decimated by disease, effects of alcohol • Alexander McGillivray tried unsuccessfully to unite Creeks between 1783 and 1793 • 1805 - Tenskwatana and his brother Tecumseh (Shawnees)

13. III. Post-Revolutionary Challenges to Authority • a) Paternalism • Decline of patriarchal authority affected many aspects of everyday life • b)Alcohol • Dramatic increase in alcohol consumption • Whiskey became the national drink during the fifty years after the Revolution

14. c) Literacy • Explosive growth in availability of reading material • Novels, read mostly by women • Democratization of Print • Literacy in 1790: • New England was 85% for men and 45% for women • Pennsylvania and Chesapeake area was 60% of men • By 1820 – all but poorest could read. • Newspapers • 1790: 90 newspapers. • 1830: 370 newspapers • Novels – mostly women • d) Redefinition of citizenship • Suffrage: • The “universal suffrage" characteristic of early nineteenth century American politics eliminated property qualifications and extended voting rights to all white adult men.

15. IV. Religion in the Early Republic • Established churches in decline • New democratic sects grew in popularity • Spread of evangelical Protestantism in the South • Accommodated themselves to slavery

16. V. Political Firsts • Why Washington • Question over who should be never was, Always recognized as Washington. • Qualities: • Precedents • Cabinet • Balanced

17. Hamilton’s Objectives • View of Constitution • Passage of a federal tariff • Federal excise taxes to fund national debt • Recommended subsidies and protective tariff to encourage development of American industry. • In order to pay the bills, he asked congress for a 5% tariff on imports. Economy improved. • Report on Public Credit, 1790 • Federal debt 12 million foreign, 44 million domestic • 1st Debate • Combine them with federal government’s foreign and domestic debt into a consolidated national debt • Federal Government would assume state debts (assumption of debt) • Hamiltonians favored speculators, financiers, and economic interests • Jeffersonians favored farmers and an agrarian orientation

18. Debt and the Bank • Creation of a Bank of the United States • Vocal disagreement over creation of a federal bank • SOLDIERS: revolutionary debt bought up by speculators, no longer held by farmers/soldiers. • Bank • Constitutionally questionable.

19. Troubles Ahead • Indians • Deteriorating relations with Northwestern Indians • France • Neutrality declared in Anglo-French War in 1793 • Federalists privately supported Britain • Jeffersonians privately supported France • 1793 – Britain and France at war, again. • Neutrality: Washington and Federalists wanted neutrality • Stay out of European conflicts and trade at will • Problem: Britain began seizing US ships/goods/men • Arrival of Citizen Genét in 1793 complicated U.S. position

20. Jay’s Treaty, 1795 • John Jay (Chief Justice) sent to London to negotiate treaty Continued presence of British in NW, British urged Indians to attack Americans, Impressment. • Burned in effigy • Pinckney's Treaty, 1796 • Victory for U.S. demands, especially regarding access to Mississippi • Whiskey Rebellion • Tax had generally been ignored as it would reduce profits to zero • Refused to pay federal excise tax on whiskey

21. Federalists v. Republicans • Goodbye Washington, Hello Chaos • Laid out principles for American policy • Warned against alliances with other countries • Denounced internal political divisions • Accomplishments and Struggles • Managed foreign affairs • Laid basis for federal government

22. The Second Presidency • Adams v. Jefferson • Bitter struggle over who would succeed Washington in 1796 • Hamilton took control

23. The French Again • Foreign affair difficulties with France • XYZ Affair • Jay’s Treaty – Response by French • Bribe: $250,000 • Treaty: $12,000,000

24. Sedition Acts • Foreign Affairs problems led to crisis at home • Partly in response to the insults from the French and the tendency of immigrants to join the Jeffersonian / Republican party. • Alien and Sedition Acts designed to stifle domestic opposition from Republicans - 1798 • Naturalization Act • Alien Enemies Act • Alien Friends Act • Sedition Act • Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798-1799) • IMPLICATIONS!!

25. The Revolution of 1800 • Jefferson v. Adams – The Rematch • Jefferson’s inaugural address laid out his governmental goals • Respect for power of states • Defense of Bill of Rights • Small federal state • Frugality in spending so as not to incur national debt Economic policies: best govt is one governs least; reduce debt; reduce taxes; repeal whisky tax; increase import duties, cut military - Let national bank charter expire. - Allowed Alien Sedition Act to expire and pardoned all who had fallen to Sedition act. idealized the agrarian farmer An economically independent citizen was the best sort

26. Marbury v. Madison • Introduced practice of judicial review • Midnight appointments • Efforts to purge Federalists from the courts • Repealed Judiciary Act of 1801 • Impeachment drives against John Pickering and Samuel Chase: • Doctrine of Judicial Review

27. Louisiana Purchase • Opportunity presented because of French setbacks in the Caribbean • Negotiated with France for just new Orleans • Monroe told to offer up to $10 million for New Orleans. • Talleyrand offered the entire region for $15 million • Doubled the size of the country over night. • Raised constitutional questions for Jefferson • Resolved them by reasoning that ends justified the means • Democracy can only work in small units, not in a large spread out country.

28. Aaron Burr • Duel – 1804 • Alexander Hamilton • Attacks on Burr over his political / personal life • Honor

29. Traitor – Aaron Burr • 1807 • Burr had been VP. • Charged with treason, claimed he was attempting to seize a territory carved from the Louisiana territory to create a country for himself. Jefferson orders his arrest.

30. Foreign Intrigue • Barbary Pirates

31. Should the US be involved in world trade • The US should participate in world commerce • U.S. should implement a policy of free trade. • Those on this side of the argument believed that their nation was not just about securing natural rights, but also about securing commercial freedom. • They appealed to France for help in dealing with the pirates. France said it could do nothing militarily. • In 1794, the US began to build a navy with $1 million. • The US policy since Washington had been to negotiate with pirates - until Jefferson. • Jefferson observed during his dealings, the Barbary States did not adhere to treaties. Even John Quincy Adams stated in 1786, “I suspect the Algerine peace is to be abused.” • May of 1801, Tripoli declared war on America. • WAR – 1805 ~ 1815 • Jefferson, though known for his pacifism, understood that war is completely justifiable, as well as necessary, in certain cases.

32. "Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!“ • 1805 Marines stormed the Barbary pirates' harbor fortress stronghold of Derna (Tripoli)

33. NAPOLEONIC WARS • 1803 • United States profited by selling to belligerents • war reached stalemate 1805 • both sides interfered with American trade • Over 500 ships seized between 1805 and 1807 • British impressing Americans • Jefferson decision for economic coercion

34. US Response – Non Importation Act 1806 • Forbade importation of certain goods from Britain • On June 21, 1807, Chesapeake Leopard • US Response: Embargo Act 1807 • No US ships could take goods to foreign ports • Cut off shipping with all foreign countries • Federalists argued that federal government did not have the authority to curtail commercial enterprises. • Farmers angry their goods couldn’t be sold.

35. The Fourth Presidency • James Madison • The French, and English – Again • War of 1812 • Replaced Embargo with Non-Intercourse Act, 1809 • Reopened trade with all nations save Britain and France • Next tried Macon’s Bill No. 2, 1810 • Reopened trade with everyone but would reinstate against one belligerent if the other ceased interfering in American trade

36. War with Britain, 1812-1815 • Federalist opposition to war created serious domestic crisis • Indian confederation allied itself with Britain, as did the Creek “Red Stick” faction • US burned York • Britain burned Washington 1814

37. Only battle the US decisively won – New Orleans. Dec 1814 – Jan 1815 • Andrew Jackson (Pirate brothers: Pierre and Jean Laffite) • 8,000 – 9,000 in the direct attack force for British versus 4,000 for Jackson • Hartford Convention, 1814 • Treaty of Ghent, 1815

38. Conclusion Americans celebrated the beginning of national government in the 1790s as an overwhelmingly rural people. Yet the country experienced many changes that would usher in a more individualistic republic and a more urban nation within a half century.