INTEGRATED AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA Ridwan D. Tamin * and Amelia Rachmatunisa**

1. INTEGRATED AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA Ridwan D. Tamin * and Amelia Rachmatunisa** *Assistant Deputy V for Vehicles Emissions Affairs ** Head, Air Quality Monitoring Sub Division Ministry of Environment, Indonesia Presented in ; BAQ 2004, Agra-India, 6-8 December 2004

2. I. INTRODUCTION • Air pollution from vehicle sources as main urban concern • Blue Sky Program initiated in 1992, in 2002 became a program under Deputy V MoE • The missions of the Blue Sky Program are: • Develop national policy in air pollution control; • Increase region/local capacity in air pollution through institutional strengthening and technology; • Increase mechanism for controlling, managing and prevention of air pollution; • Enhance public participation in cleaner air in Indonesia.

3. Health Cost Estimates due to pollution from vehicles emission in Greater Jakarta

4. PSI Range Good : 0 - 50 Moderate : 51 - 100 Unhealthy : 101 – 199 Very Unhealthy : 200 – 299 Dangerous : 300 - lebih Air Quality Monitoring Result in 2001

5. Medan 4 Fixed Stations 3 Data Display 1 Mobile Station Jambi 1 Fixed Stations 1 Fixed Station PM-10 Pontianak 1 Fixed Stations 1 Mobile Station Palangka Raya 3 Fixed Station 1 Data Display 1 Mobile Station Pekanbaru 3 Fixed Stations 2 Data Displays 1 Mobile Station DKI. Jakarta 5 Fixed Stations 5 Data Displays 1 Mobile Station Denpasar 3 Fixed Stations 5 Data Displays 1 Mobile Station Surabaya 5 Fixed Stations 5 Data Displays Bandung 5 Fixed Stations 5 Data Displays 1 Mobile Station Semarang 3 Fixed Stations 3 Data Displays 1 Mobile Station Integrated Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network

6. Air Quality Monitoring Result in 2002

7. Air Quality Monitoring Result in 2003

8. Daily PM 10 (ug/m3) concentration in East Jakarta Station in 2003 Daily PM 10 (ug/m3) concentration in West Jakarta Station in 2003

9. Daily ozone (ug/m3) concentration in East Jakarta Station in 2003

10. Motor Vehicle Emissions Emission shares by source type in Jakarta in 1998 Source ; Reducing vehicle emission, RETA5937

11. Motor vehicles in Jakarta and Indonesia (Central Bureau of Statistics, 2001) Emission load estimates from motor vehicles in Greater Jakarta, ton/year. (JICA, 1996)

12. Vehicle population in Jakarta Metro Jaya (1990-2015)

13. MoE’s policy in reducing vehicle emissions are as follows: • Regulatory development of emission standards in accordance with automotive technology development to produce lower emission vehicles; • Cleaner fuel including the introduction of unleaded gasoline and low sulphur diesel fuel. This also includes energy diversification by introducing gaseous fuel such as CNG and LPG. Other considerations are the use of biofuel and other alternative technologies (hybrid, etc.); • Inspection and maintenance (I/M) to control in-used vehicle emissions. Local governments have issued decrees such as Jakarta Governor’s Decree in 2000 on inspection and maintenance for passenger vehicles; • 4. Transportation management including improvement of traffic management, road development, developing alternative modes of transportation and public transport

14. STRATEGY AND ACTION PLANS Development of new emission standards Type approval Euro II implementation in Indonesia

15. Emission Standard for Light Duty Vehicles Source: CAI-Asia,2004

16. In-used vehicles • Revision of 10-year old emission standards for in-used vehicles based on idle condition for gasoline and free acceleration for diesel-fuelled vehicles. • Issuance of the standards crucial as reference national standard. Anticipating revised autonomy law (Act No.32/2004) • Local governments are developing their own vehicle emission standards and regulations on I&M. • MoE in the process of finalization of measurement methods to be decreed by the National Standardization Agency.

17. Cleaner Fuel (promises and reality) • Unleaded gasoline to be introduced in phased in Bali, Batam Island, Surabaya and Semarang before 2005, nationally 2005 Consecutively unleaded gasoline was introduced in Bali in February 2003, in Batam July 2003 and in most parts of Surabaya in 2004. Jakarta already lead free since June 2001. Nationwide 40% unleaded • Open up private sector to provide unleaded gasoline in Indonesia such as in Bandung and Yogyakarta; Downstream regulation recently announced (Govt. Regulation No. 36/2004) • Use of additive as octane booster taking into account health and environment and agreement of automotive industries; Requires ERA, at present only preliminary studies carried out • Increase use of natural gas for transportation to reduce gasoline market demand Draft Presidential Instruction (Decree) already submitted by MoEM through stakeholders study by MoE. Jakarta at present also preparing its strategic plan

18. Inspection and Maintenance • Under traffic and road transportation Act, I&M is under MoT • MoE responsible for developing emission standards for in used vehicles • MoE is revising existing emission standard and standard operating procedures, expected early 2005 • Local Government initiatives includes developing emission standards, I&M regulation and public campaign • MoE considering separation of emission testing from car worthiness requirement under new traffic and transportation act • MoE will conduct I&M public awareness and pilot demonstration program in 5 cities in 2005

19. Transport Management • Jakarta developed the so-called DKI Jakarta Macro Transport Planning document, which contains transport and traffic management action planning in DKI Jakarta for the period of 2003 to 2010. • Trans-Jakarta Bus Way became operational in 2004. This is the first 12.9 km segment, out of 14planned, connecting the city’s northern rail station (north Jakarta) to the Blok M Bus Terminal and shopping area (south Jakarta). • Also the existing “three-in-one” scheme is extended along the busway route during peak hours followed by heavy fines to offenders. • Elevated monorail system proposed by private investor has been given green light by local Jakarta government. The scheme is to construct a total of 27 kms of elevated monorail-serving in a circular manner in the capital's golden triangle area of Kuningan, Sudirman and Senayan (14.8 km), and a 12.2 km line connecting Kampung Melayu in the eastern part of Jakarta and Roxy in the west.

20. Planned Jakarta Busway Corridor until 2010

21. Institutional Capacity • MoE plans to enlarge its mandate under the new cabinet and be more instrumental in facilitating enforcement through local government. • Environmental institutions in local government to be empowered based on the recently revised local government law (Law No. 32 Year 2004). • MoE instrumental in the establishment of a forum comprising government, private and public society (Mitra Emisi Bersih, Clean Emission Partnership) to address the various unresolved issues on vehicle emissions. • Draft strategy and action plan to reduce air pollution from vehicles submitted to MoE

22. Public Participation MoE conducted public awareness activities through : Spot Check in greater Jakarta, June 2004, 2000 vehicles. Result 40 % of gasoline vehicles and 60 % diesel fuel vehicles failed Corporate emission competition in 5 cities (Bandung, Semarang, Yogyakarta, Surabaya and Denpasar) Total Vehicles tested : 3.451 vehicles Total Institutions : 149

23. FINAL REMARKS • Improve the reliability of the existing on-line monitoring system • Develop the integrated air quality monitoring in other metropolitan city in Indonesia • Involvement of MoE in fuel specification for vehicles • Combine emission standard into vehicles annual registration • Increase public awareness to use alternative mode of transportation in urban areas

24. Thank You