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A.P.E.

A.P.E. Italian, German Unification prompt. Prompt. Write a thesis statement for the following essay prompt (remember to read the question carefully, looking for Time, Topic, and Task)

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A.P.E.

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  1. A.P.E. Italian, German Unification prompt

  2. Prompt • Write a thesis statement for the following essay prompt (remember to read the question carefully, looking for Time, Topic, and Task) • Analyze the similarities and differences in the methods used by Cavour and Bismarck to bring about the unification of Italy and of Germany, respectively.

  3. Methods used by Cavour and Bismarck Similarities Differences Cavour Used more diplomatic methods Alliance w/France Italy occupied by Austria Had to deal w/other unifiers (Garibaldi) Influenced by Enlightenment Unification for economic progress Italian irredentia (It. Not totally unified) Bismarck Unity through three wars Relied on Prussian military might Repressed opposition, censored press Came from Junker (noble) class • Both used war • Both involved France • Austria – common enemy • Each country had to unite the North and South • Opposed republicanism • Monarchists • Both prime ministers (analysis – used methods of politicians) • Somewhat conservative (Bismarck more than Cavour) • Gained foreign sympathies • Machiavellian (deceptive diplomacy

  4. Cavour/Italy Bismarck/Germany Bismarck a Junker, chancellor of Prussia, conservative Zollverein (tariff union) William I king of Prussia Bismarck opposed parliamentary gov’t; a monarchist Kleindeutsch (small Germany  w/o Austria) Need to isolate and neutralize Austria (trad. Enemy of German unification) Danish War (1864) Schleswig-Holstein France neutral in event of Prussian-Austrian War Austro-Prussian War (1866) 7 wks. Defeat of Austria (Treaty of Prague) North German Confederation Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) Spanish throne (Hohenzollern) Bismarck edits telegrams between Napoleon II and William I France declares war France defeated, Napoleon II captured Germany annexes Alsace, Lorraine France pays reparations German unification • PM of Piedmont • Victor Emmanuel II • Conservative to moderately liberal • Enlightenment, classical economics, utilitarian (not an idealist) • Strong monarchist (rejected Republicanism) • Opposed Mazzini • Economic and material progress (free trade, r.r. construction, ag. Improvement, expand credit) • Italy needed French help for unification • Crimean War (Piedmont joined France and Britain – 10,000 troops) • Crimean War ended Concert of Europe  open way for nationalist unification • Sympathy of Napoleon II, seat at peace table • France & Piedmont provoke Austria into war • Austrians defeated • Parma, Modena, Tuscany, Romagna join Piedmont (Northern Italy unified) • Garibaldi unifies south w/Red Shirt army (liberal, Republican Nationalists) • Garibaldi turns over power to Piedmont for the sake of unity • Victor Immanuel King of Italy • Italian irredentia • Final unification comes when Fr. Troops w/draw from Rome (1870 Franco-Prussian war)

  5. Other Pointers • The question called for “similarities and differences.” Make sure you have at least two for each. • The question instructs you to “analyze,” i.e., to explain reasons why. You must indicate some analysis in your thesis by discussing the “parts of the whole.” You can do this simply by pointing out that both men were prime ministers and that their methods were the methods of politicians (diplomacy, war) rather than the methods of revolutionaries (revolt, rebellion, guerrilla war).

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