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Chapter 44

Chapter 44. Urinalysis. Characteristics of the urine. Color Pale yellow to amber Urochrome pigment from the destruction of hemoglobin Transparency Clear Normal change in the color Foods, medications, etc. Characteristics of the urine. Odor Subtle fresh urine – characteristic

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Chapter 44

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  1. Chapter 44 Urinalysis

  2. Characteristics of the urine • Color • Pale yellow to amber • Urochrome pigment from the destruction of hemoglobin • Transparency • Clear • Normal change in the color • Foods, medications, etc

  3. Characteristics of the urine • Odor • Subtle fresh urine – characteristic • Ammonia-like in standing urine

  4. Characteristics of the urine • pH • 4.5-8.0 • Acid ash foods • Proteins, whole wheat • Alkaline ash foods • Vegetables • Bacterial infections • Increases the alkalinity of the urine

  5. Characteristics of the urine • Specific gravity • It is the relative weight of a specific volume of liquid compared with an equal volume of distilled water • Urine:1.001-1.030 • <1.001=highly diluted urine • >1.03=highly concentrated urine

  6. Characteristics of the urine • Diluted urine • Diuretics • Diabetes insipidus • Excessive water drinking • Concentrated urine • Pyelonephritis • Limited fluid intake • Dehydration

  7. Characteristics of the urine • Renal calculi • Caused by the precipitation and crystallization of the solutes of the urine

  8. Characteristics of the urine • Normal constituents • Water • Sodium, potassium • Phosphates and sulfates • Nitrogen wastes: creatinine, urea, uric acid • Calcium, • Urobilinogen,etc

  9. Abnormal urinary constituents • Glucose • Glycosuria • Diabetes mellitus • Albumin • Physiological albuminuria • Excessive exercise, pregnancy, excessive protein intake

  10. Abnormal urinary constituents • Pathological albuminuria • Hypertension • Kidney trauma • Ingestion of heavy metals • Glomerulonephritis, etc

  11. Abnormal urinary constituents • Ketone bodies - Traces are normal • Acetone • Beta-hydroxybutyric acid • Acetoacetic acid • Ketonuria • Excessive fat metabolism, diabetes mellitus, starvation, low carbohydrate diets, • It causes acidosis

  12. Abnormal urinary constituents • Red blood cells • Hematuria • Calculi, urinary infections, trauma • False hematuria • menstruation

  13. Abnormal urinary constituents • Hemoglobin • Hemoglobinuria • Hemolytic anemia • Blood transfusion reactions • Burns • Renal diseases

  14. Abnormal urinary constituents • Nitrites • May indicated bacterial infection mainly gram-negatives rods • Bile pigments • Bilirubinuria • Hepatitis, cirrhosis, bile duct blockage

  15. Abnormal urinary constituents • Urobilinogen is abnormal if: • Complete absence • Renal disease • Obstruction of bile flow in the liver • Increased levels • Hepatitis A • Cirrhosis, etc

  16. Abnormal urinary constituents • White blood cells • Pyuria • Urinary infection • Casts • Are hardened cell fragments • Pathologic

  17. Abnormal urinary constituents • Hyaline casts • Formed by the denaturation of mucoproteins secreted by the tubules • Slow filtrate rate • Low urine pH • High urine salt content

  18. Abnormal urinary constituents • RBC casts • Glomerulonephrites • WBC casts • Pyelonephrites • Waxy casts • Degeneration of the renal tubule cells • End stage of renal disease

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