Unit Two

1. Unit Two Manners Manners

2. Useful Information Manners evolves as humans became more civilized. But they evolved differently in different cultures. Already in ancient times authors of one culture spoke of the uncouth manners of other cultures. In most cases this was pure ethnocentrism, as it still is today. In earlier times there was a tendency for manners to become increasingly formal, and this was often viewed as progress. In the 18th and 19th centuries the acquisition of good manners was seen as an important component of one’s education and social class, and it was necessary to be per- ceived as a lady or a gentleman to get ahead in the word.

3. Useful Information In the 20th century, manners have gradually become more relaxed and informal. Clothing is a good indication of the changes in manners, as can be seen in the following examples. It is ironic that the wearing of hats indoors by males is once again becoming acceptable. Students in North America often wear baseball caps to class. In many countries the wearing of hats indoors by males was once acceptable even in very polite society, but over the years this became stigmatized as a lower-class behavior and was thus discouraged in both the middle and upper classes. The young people who wear hats indoors do not realize they are actually reviving a very old culture tradition.

4. Useful Information A comparable development for females is the wearing of slacks and jeans. Many females now wear slacks or jeans on a daily basis, either at home or at work. Some see this as a symbolic declaration that they are now modern women, not girls or ladies. Some girls, like boys, wear baseball caps both indoors and outdoors. Sneakers and shorts are now acceptable for either males or females in a variety of non-athletic situations. Some companies have rules requiring informal dress such as jeans or Sneakers on Fridays(called”dress-down Friday” or “casual Friday”), and others permit it almost all the time. In these companies, and many others, it is acceptable to call the boss by his or her first name.

5. In-Class Reading No One Stops to Say "Thank You" Anymore

6. Vocabulary 1. acknowledge v. knowledge n. 1)admit (sth.)承认（某事物）属实；供认（某事物） He acknowledged it to be true/that it was true. 他供认那是事实。 They refused to acknowledge defeat/that they were defeated/themselves beaten. 他们拒不承认失败/他们被打败/自己被击败。

7. 2) show thanks for 就……表示谢意，致谢 He acknowledged the applause with a small bow. 3)对……打招呼 He walked right past me without even acknowledging me. admit通常指因屈服于外界压力或受自己良心 或判断所驱使而承认某（坏）事的存在或真实 性，有不情愿的含义。 辨异 Do you admit taking these goods without paying for them? acknowledge着重“公开承认”，常用来指过去曾隐瞒或否认的事。They acknowledged having been defeated. confess着重承认自己的过错或罪恶，有“忏悔”和“坦白”的含义。 He confessed taking part in a plot to free the prisoner.

8. 2. acquisition n. 1) 获得，得到 the acquisition of knowledge 2) 获得物（尤指有用的） The school has a valuable new acquisition ( i.e. a valuable new teacher) in Mr. Smith. acquire v. 1) （靠自己的能力、努力或行为而）获得， 得到（某事物） acquire a good knowledge of English/a reputation for dishonesty 2) 取得（某事物）；收到（某事物） My sister couldn’t take her desk with her to the new house: that’s how I came to acquire it.

9. 辨 异 get 为“获得”的最普通用语； obtain表示经过相当长的时间或经过很大的努力，获得 期望已久的东西； gain 的含义较obtain进一层，表示付出更大的努力才 能获得，故常译作“赢得”； acquire表示持续地、慢慢地获取，多用于通过“学”、 “问”等得到“学问”、技术等较抽象的东西。 形近词 inquire/enquire require inquire/enquire v. 1)询问，打听；2) 查问，调查 inquiry/enquiry n. require vt. 1) 需要；2) 要求，规定 requirement n. 要求，必要条件；需要，需要的东西

10. 3. chase v. 1) chase (after) sb./sth. 追赶；追捕；追逐；追击 He chased (after) the burglar but couldn’t catch him. 2) 试图赢获（某事物） Liverpool are chasing their third league title in four years. 利物浦队正全力以赴准备四年后第三次赢获联赛冠军。 3) chase about, around, etc.向某方向急奔 I’ve been chasing around town all morning looking for a present for her. 为了送给她一件礼物，我一上午都在全市奔走寻找。

11. emulate v. 1）emulate sb. (at sth.) • 赶超某人；与某人竞争 She made every effort to emulate her elder sister at the piano. 2）imitate仿效 People often try to emulate their favorite pop singers or movie stars. emulation n. 赶超；竞赛；竞争 She worked hard in emulation of her elder sister. 她努力赶超姐姐。

12. 相 关 考 题 • Scientists first____ the idea of the atom bomb in • the 1930s. • imagined B. conceived • C. considered D. acknowledged B B • It’s through learning that the individual ____ many • habitual ways of reacting to situations. • retains B. gains C. achieves D. acquires • Even when textbooks are ____ through a school system, • Methods of teaching may vary greatly. • commonplace B. standardized • C. competitive D. generalized B

13. Phrases and Expressions Phrases and Expressions

14. He is aware of the general discomfort his pre- • sence has caused. (L5-6) • …they caused me to become aware that there • were others inhabiting this world besides myself… • (L34-35) • Manners make us aware that everything we have • derives from a source.(L68-69) aware of sb./sth.; aware that… 对某人/某事知道、明白、觉察到、意识到 Are you aware of the time? It happened without my being aware of it. I’m aware that very few jobs are available. She became aware that something was burning. I don’t think you’reaware (of) how much this means to me.

15. 2. When his takeout is ready, he gathers up his numerous bags and his dinner and, laden down, advances to the door to go back to the streets. (L6-8) gather sth. (together/up)收拢、收集（分散的东西） Give me a moment to gather my notes together. 给我些时间整理一下笔记。 She gathered up her scattered belongings and left. 她把自己的散乱物品收好就走了。 gather sth. up将（衣服）向身体收拢 She gathered up her skirts and ran. 她提起裙摆就跑了。

16. Just as he reaches the door and begins to shift • bundles to free a hand, a well-dressed man coming to the restaurant steps aside and holds the door for him. (L8-9) step aside往旁边走一步，让位（给别人） Would you mind stepping aside to let this lady off the bus? I stepped aside so that she might/could go in. If he wishes to be captain, I am ready to step aside.

17. What struck me about this encounter was not • the wealthier man helping out the less fortunate • one.(L11-12) help (someone) out帮忙（做事、克服困难等） I’ve often helped Bob out when he’s been a bit short of money. Janet finished her work and crossed to help May out with hers. Who’s helping out in the garden this afternoon? 5. No doubt he also thanked whoever had given him the money to buy dinner. (L13-14) no doubt肯定地，想必 No doubt I learned a lot from that lecture. Mrs. Black, no doubt, has her merits. You know him by name, no doubt?

18. 相关词组 without (a) doubt毫无疑问，一定地 Without a doubt these theories were all wrong. Don’t worry; he’ll come back without doubt. They will, without doubt, in future carry on the underground movement elsewhere. beyond (all) doubt毫无疑问 The truth of the story is beyond doubt. He convinced me that Tom was, beyond the possibility of doubt, innocent. in doubt怀疑，犹豫，不肯定 All the time she was in bitter doubt whether she was right. The result of the election remained in doubt until the next morning.

19. Manners are a tool to remind us of others around • us. (L26) 1) remind sb. of sth. 使……想起 It reminds me of what a woman once said of him. That story you have just told reminds me of an experience I once had. 2) remind (sb.) that 使……想起；提醒 The sight of the clock reminded me that I was late. Travelers are reminded that inoculation against yellow fever is advisable.

20. I never ran in public, much less between and • around the legs of people in stores.(L31) much less更不会/用说 Jack can hardly understand arithmetic, much less geometry. I never even spoke to the man, much less insulted him. let alone更不用说 相关词组 He won’t even thank you, let alone pay you. We’ve no hospital, let alone an isolated ward. not to mention更不用说，还不算，此外还有 There are three of us there, not to mention the child. Dave is handsome and smart, not to mention being a good athlete.

21. 8. One scream and I would have been taken to the car and lectured on my behavior. (L31-32) lecture on / about作演讲；讲课 She lectured a small class on modern drama. What did he lecture about? lecture sb. for/about（就某事）斥责或教训某人 My father lectured me for smoking. The teacher lectured the boys severely for being lazy. The doctor lectured his patient about smoking too much.

22. 9. I have yet to receive an apology from a child who just ran over my foot while chasing a sibling, and only half the time have the parents apologized. (L36-37) Often they simply gather up the children, making no eye contact, and take them to another part of the store to run around. (L37-39) run over run around run into run out run off run through 在……跑过；撞倒 在……四处奔跑 遭遇困难、问题等 用完；耗尽 逃跑；私奔 匆匆检查，讨论或阅读

23. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate phrase from the list above . running around • No one noticed we had been ____________ emptying • bins and cleaning up. • We knew we might ______ of money before the end of • the holiday. • I _________ the list, but none of the machines • interested me. • The government’s plans have ______ strong opposition • from civil rights groups. • We could ______ together, but neither of us wants to • live the rest of our life abroad. • 6. I’m afraid we’ve just ________ the rabbit. run out ran through run into run off run over

24. The matter at hand is simply to thank the next • person who provides a helping hand when • needed. (L63-64) 以手工 at hand in hand by hand hand in hand down hand over hand out hand sth.on 传递；把……往下传 在附近，在手头 分发；分配 把权力或权位移交给某人 将……送交或转交他人 交上；提交；呈交 在手中；在手头；在控制下

25. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate phrase from the list above . handed over • They would catch the robbers and ______ them ____ • to the police. • The art of story-telling is ___________ from mother • to daughter. • We have to make the corrections ________ since the • computer can’t do them. • 4. Your composition should be ________ by Friday. • I thought I had my destiny ________, but then fate • played a trick on me. • Remember to keep a first-aid kit close ________ all • the time. • 7. Please ________ the magazine to your friends. handed down by hand handed in in hand at hand hand on

26. Text Understanding Text Understanding

27. It was the homeless man stopping to thank him • despite being desperate to escape a room full of • disapproving people. (L12-13) it 指代 what struck me about this encounter； stopping to thank him despite being desperate to escape a room full of disapproving people 修饰the homeless man ； despite 是介词。 desperate a. 1) 感到绝望而不惜冒险的；拼命的；不顾 一切的 2) [attrib] 凶暴的，犯法的 a ~ criminal, act, robbery 3) [pred] ~ for sth./to do sth.: in great need (of sth./to do sth.) 极需要某事物/做某事

28. Had I taken a poll of the room, though, I bet • everyone there would have considered themselves • as having more manners than a person who lives • on the streets. (L15-17) “had I taken a poll of the room” 虚拟语气中的条件句， 相当于“ If I had taken a poll of the room”。 consider sb. as doing sth. 认为某人会…… 语法联想 虚拟语气的条件句中含有were, should, had时 ，可以把if省略 同时把were, should, had提前放在句首构成倒装。如： 1)Were he to take more exercise, he wouldn’t be so fat. 2)Had I known it, I would not have given him that wrong answer. 3)Should you leave tonight, you might arrive in Beijing tomorrow evening.

29. However, if youth today are any indication, we are • truly destined to become a society of people who think • only of themselves. (L27-28) be destined to do sth./for sth.; be destined that… 命中注定；注定；预定 Coming from a theatrical family, I was destined for a career on the stage. 我生于戏剧工作者之家，注定了我的舞台生涯。 They were destined never to meet again. 他们命中注定再也无缘相遇了。` It was destined that they would marry. 他们结婚是缘分。

30. And what they are seeing is a society focused solely • on acquisition—be it the dream house or another drink • in a restaurant or a space on a crowded freeway— • without ever stopping to thank the source. (L47-49) 本句是由whether引导的让步状语从句。正常句序为 whether it be the dream house or another drink in a restaurant or a space on a crowded freeway 。whether可以省略， 系动词原形be提前。意思是：无论是获取一幢理想的房子，还 是在餐馆里再要一杯饮料，或是在拥挤的高速路上占有一席之 地 语法联想

31. 虚拟语气用在由 “whether” 引导的让步状语从句中，从句谓语 用原形动词。例如： All engines work on this principle, whether they be large or small.所有发动机都按这一原理工作，无论它们是大还是小。 We must finish the work before we go home, whether it be early or late.无论时间早晚，我们必须在回家前干完工作。 All matter, whether it be gas, liquid or solid, is made up of atoms.所有物质，不论是气体，液体，或固体，都是由原子构成。 在此句型中，可省去whether ，而将be放在主语前。例如： Be it so, we must continue to do the test. We must do our best to fulfill the task, be it ever so hard.

32. 5. It’s not necessary to provide yet another analysis of the disintegration of the family or the break- down of the social fabric of democracy to explain what has happened to our society. (L61-63) yet ad. :even 更 yet another另一个

33. Passage I (After-Class Reading) Men's Liberation from Etiquette

34. Vocabulary • awkward a. 1) badly designed;difficult to use • 设计不当的；使用不便的；别扭的 • The handle of the teapot has an awkward shape. • 这茶壶把儿的形状真别扭。 • It’s an awkward door—you have bend down to go • through it.这扇门很不方便——得弯着腰才能过去。 2) causing difficulty, embarrassment or inconvenience 造成困难、尴尬或不便的 You’ve put me in a very awkward position.你把我弄得很狼狈。 Please arrange the next meeting at a less awkward time.请把下次会议时间安排得方便些。

35. lacking skill or grace; clumsy 无技巧的；不熟练的； • 不灵活的；笨拙的 • I was always an awkward dancer. • 我跳舞一向是笨手笨脚的。 4) embarrassed 尴尬的；难为情的；不好意思的；狼狈的 I realized they wanted to be alone together so I felt very awkward. 我意识到了他们想单独在一起，所以觉得很尴尬。 2. concerned a. ~ about/for sth./that… 担心的；烦恼的；忧虑的 Concerned parents held a meeting. We’re all concerned for her safety. I am concerned that they may have got lost. 词组联想

36. as/so far as … be concerned就……而言 be concerned in sth.与某事有牵连或对某事负有责任 be concerned to do sth.把做某事视为自己的事 be concerned with sth.有某事有关；涉及某事物 3. initiative n. 1) 为解决困难而采取的行动 It is hoped that the government’s initiative will bring the strike to an end. 2) 采取行动的力量或权利；主动权 The initiative has passed to us. 3) 主动性；自发性；积极性 The child showed/displayed great initiative in going to fetch the police. 词组联想 on one’s own initiative主动地；自发地； 积极地 take the initiative带头；倡导；发起

37. 4. outlive v. live longer than (sb.) 比……活得久 He outlived his wife by three years. 他比妻子多活了三年。 (fig) when he retired he felt that he had outlived his usefulness.他退休时觉得自己 年老无用了。 注意 out- 1) （与动词和名词结合构成及物动词）极大地；超过 outgrow outnumber outwit 2) （与名词结合）独立地；孤立地 outhouse outpost 3) （与动词结合构成名词、形容词和副词） outburst outgoing outspokenly

38. 相 关 考 题 B The shy girl felt ____ and uncomfortable when she could not answer her teacher’s questions. A. amazed B. awkward C. curious D. amused t • As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, • Not what we think ____. • ought to be said B. must say • have to be said D. need to say • The speech which he made ____ the project has bothered • me greatly. • being concerned B. be concerned • concerned D. concerning • He gripped the ____ wheel hard as the car bounced up and • Down. • A. stirring B. driving C. steering D. revolving A D C

39. As far as the rank of position is concerned, an associate • professor is ____ to a professor, though they are almost • equally knowledgeable. • attached B. subsidiary C. previous D. inferior • Just as a book is often judged ____ by the equality and • appearance of its cover, a person is judged immediately • by his appearance. • previously B. uniquely C. outwardly D. initially • Although the body is made up of many different tissues, • these tissues are arranged in an ____ and orderly • fashion. • A. incredible B. intricate C. internal D. initial D D B

40. Phrases and Expressions Phrases and Expressions

41. In the 1960s, the U.S.A. went through a social • revolution commonly referred to as the women’s • liberation movement. (L1-2) go through 1) 审阅；检查；讨论 I’d like to have you go through the book. 2) 翻找；查看；搜寻 Mother went through the drawer looking for the sweater. 3) 看一遍；做一遍；练一遍 Jack went through the magazine quickly. 4) 做完（某事）；上完（大学）；印了（若干册） We have all gone through the required formalities. 5) 用完；用掉 He went through all the money his father gave him. 6)经历（困难，痛苦等），经过（阶段等） She went through one hardship after another.

42. 7) 通过；成功；成交 The plan did not go through. refer to … as… On all occasions, he referred to his classmates as The Fellows. The speaker referred to him as an up-and-coming politician. Don’t refer to your sister as a silly cow. 同 义 词 组 consider…as see…as view…as look on…as think of…as perceive…as regard…as take…as label…as interpret…as

43. 2. The movement has benefited women in many ways, especially in terms of job opportunity and advancement. (L4-5) in terms of 就……来说；从……角度；用……（表示） The work is not very profitable in terms of cash, but I am getting valuable experience from it. In terms of natural resources it is one of the poorest countries in Western Europe. Give the answer in terms of a percentage. in the long/short term 从长远/近期来说 in the long/short run

44. Today, American women, who outlive men by seven • years, do not generally feel in need of male protection. • (L10-11) • Over the years, out of an innate sense of respect, I • imagine, I have refused to treat women as fragile • beings in need of protection.(L50-52) in need of需要 He said that he was in great need of my assistance. We are in need of different types of designs. He was not in need of money. in need 家境困难，穷困 4. Today’s liberated woman may take the initiative in suggesting an evening together by inviting a man she likes to a party, to a home-cooked meal, or to an evening at the theater. (L20-22)

45. take the initiative采取主动，主动（做某事） He took the initiative by speaking first at the meeting. They decided to take the initiative in organizing such a movement. Charles is shy and does not take the initiative in making acquaintances. 5. To treat a woman as inferior just because she is female is not only insulting but also out of step with contemporary American culture. (L31-33) out of step 合不上步子；跟不上；与……不一致 George always marches out of step with the music. They try not to get out of step. keep step with跟上

46. 6. As far as manners are concerned, I suppose I’ve always been a feminist. (L50) so/as far as… be concerned就……来说；就……而论 The earlier the better, so far as the Committee is concerned. So far as I amconcerned some other arrangement would have been satisfactory. It is impossible so far as we are concerned. 7. It came up only the other night. (L59) comp up 1) 走过来，走近，到来 While we were talking, a man came up. Then a bus came up and everybody got on it.

47. 2) 被提出；提及 The question of drug-taking is bound to come up at the next conference. The bill came up for debate. 3) 发生；有…… I expect something to come up soon. We shall write to you if a vacancy comes up. 4) 长出来 I sowed some runner beans three weeks ago, but they haven’t come up yet. 7. It would be foolhardy indeed to put a woman in a car and then shut the door on her, leaving her at he mercy of some lout who might well be crouching in the back seat. (L70-72) at the mercy of任……摆布，在……前毫无办法 The ship was at the mercy of the waves. The champion had the other boxer at his mercy.

48. Text Understanding Text Understanding

49. But it has also created great confusion regarding • manners.(L6) regarding: on, about, concerning 关于，常用于商业信函 Regarding your recent inquiry… 关于你方最近询盘…… 同义短语 in regard to, with regard to, as regards He spoke to me regarding his future. 他向我谈到了他的未来。 I’ll write later in regard to this matter. 关于这件事，我以后再写。 I spoke to him with regard to his low marks. 我向他谈了有关他的低分数的事。 You needn’t worry as regards the cost of the operation. 你不必担心手术的费用。

50. 2. Prior to women’s liberation, the woman was expected to sit at home by the phone and wait and hope for the man of her dreams to call her. (L19-20) prior to: before 在……之前 Children expect their parents to knock at the door prior to entering. 注意！ 英语中有一些以-ior结尾的形容词，如superior（比……更好），inferior（不如……好），prior（更重要的），这些词表示一种特殊的比较等级，其后不用than ，而用 to 。 Some people still hold the idea that men are superior to women.