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Learning points

Ecosystems services in mosaic landscapes Brent Swallow Global Coordinator of the ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins, World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya. Learning points. Ecosystem services as an integrating concept / framework

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Learning points

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  1. Ecosystems services in mosaic landscapes Brent SwallowGlobal Coordinator of theASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins,World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya

  2. Learning points • Ecosystem services as an integrating concept / framework • Overall trends and tradeoffs between ecosystem services • High prevalence of mosaic landscapes across most of the developing world • Importance of scale and stake in the ecosytem services generated by mosaic landscapes • Potential for synergies and tradeoffs among ecosystem services in mosaic landscapes • Limits on the effectiveness of rules for safeguarding ecosystem services and growing interest in recognition, rights and rewards

  3. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Findings

  4. Ecosystem Services The benefits people obtain from ecosystems

  5. Consequences of Ecosystem Change for Human Well-being

  6. Unprecedented change in structure and function of ecosystems More land was converted to cropland in the 30 years after 1950 than in the 150 years between 1700 and 1850. Cultivated Systems in 2000 cover 25% of Earth’s terrestrial surface (Defined as areas where at least 30% of the landscape is in croplands, shifting cultivation, confined livestock production, or freshwater aquaculture)

  7. Status of Provisioning Services

  8. Status of Regulating and Cultural Services

  9. Degradation of ecosystem services often causes significant harm to human well-being • The total economic value associated with managing ecosystems more sustainably is often higher than the value associated with conversion • Conversion may still occur because private economic benefits are often greater for the converted system

  10. Level of poverty remains high and inequities are growing • Economics and Human Development • 1.1 billion people surviving on less than $1 per day of income. 70% in rural areas where they are highly dependent on ecosystem services • Inequality has increased over the past decade. During the 1990s, 21 countries experienced declines in their rankings in the Human Development Index • Access to Ecosystem Services • An estimated 852 million people were undernourished in 2000–02, up 37 million from the period 1997–99 • Per capita food production has declined in sub-Saharan Africa • Some 1.1 billion people still lack access to improved water supply, and more than 2.6 billion lack access to improved sanitation • Water scarcity affects roughly 1–2 billion people worldwide

  11. Industries based on ecosystem services still the mainstay of many economies • Contributions of agriculture • Agricultural labor force accounts for 22% of the world’s population and half the world’s total labor force • Agriculture accounts for 24% of GDP in low income developing countries • Market value of ecosystem-service industries • Food production: $980 billion per year • Timber industry: $400 billion per year • Marine fisheries: $80 billion per year • Marine aquaculture: $57 billion per year • Recreational hunting and fishing: >$75 billion per year in the United States alone

  12. Direct drivers growing in intensity • Most direct drivers of degradation in ecosystem services remain constant or are growing in intensity in most ecosystems

  13. www.asb.cgiar.org

  14. Importance of mosaics & forest margins areas across humid tropics www.asb.cgiar.org

  15. FOREST BIODIVERSITY SUITABILITY FOREST BIODIVERSITY SUITABILITY ACROSS A LANDSCAPE MATRIX ACROSS A LANDSCAPE MATRIX High PROTECTED AGROECOSYSTEMS FOREST INTACT PRODUCTION Complex agroforests HABITAT SYSTEMS & Swiddens • NTFP harvest • Simple agroforests • RIL + reserves Matrix Habitat Suitability CL & enrichment • • Trees in fields MONOCULTURES Crop • • Plantation • Imperata URBAN grassland Low Proportional Area & Suitability for Forest Low High Biodiversity Conservation

  16. www.asb.cgiar.org Figure 2.1. Relationships between population density and fraction of forest cover in Indonesian districts (Source: Murdiyarso et al., 2006).

  17. Multiple land use types in mosaics & forest margin areas www.asb.cgiar.org

  18. 140 Old rubber agroforest 120 Natural forest 100 Number of Tree Species 80 60 Productive rubber agroforest 40 20 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 • Biodiversity Plot measurements in Bungo District, Jambi • Saida and Gregoir Vincent, in prep Total number of trees > 15 cm DBH encountered

  19. Questions/issues raised in consultations • What biodiversity goals do ‘we’ want to achieve? • Do agroecosystems really have low biodiversity value? • Ecosystem services of biodiversity indeed be important for local people • Integrated Conservation and Development Projects have had mixed results

  20. 120 Species that go locally extinct when humans are active: exploited or sensitive to disturbance 100 80 Most vulnerable, hence threatened everywhere, and in need of protection 60 40 20 Extensive Agriculture Intensive Agriculture Agroforestry Extraction Van Noordwijk et al. 2001 Biodiversity and Human Activity N of species (in area of constant size) Intensity of Human Activity

  21. ‘demand-driven’ conservation efforts tend to start too late…..

  22. 250 Primary forest 200 150 100 Agroforestry Time-averaged C (tonnes / ha) 50 Rubber 5 0 50 30 25 35 40 Coffee 45 10 20 15 Corn Pineapple Sugarcane Banana Rice NPV ($,000 / ha) www.asb.cgiar.org Carbon x profitability tradeoffs – Manupali, Philippines 2007

  23. Responses • Recognition: necessary, problematic • Regulation: necessary, rarely sufficient • Rights: necessary, but to right people • Rewards: not necessary, but often useful

  24. Learning resources and websites • Millenium Ecosystem Assessment: http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/index.aspx • ASB lecture notes: www.asb.cgiar.org • Ecoagriculture Partners landscape measures tools: www.landscapemeasures.org • ICRAF: www.worldagroforestry.org/ • TULSEA: www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/ • RUPES: www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/networks/rupes • PRESA: presa.worldagroforestry.org • Learning resources[List useful teaching materials/resources including lecture notes, to audio-visual resources, case studies, etc.]

  25. Recommended Reading • MA reports • Ecology and Society (www.ecologyandsociety.org) • McNeely and Scherr, Ecoagriculture.

  26. Key issues for further discussionin the workshop • What is the best way to integrate these broader concepts and frameworks into training on agrobiodiversity? • Are there enough learning materials on the shelf, or do these need to be developed / adapted to local contexts?

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