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The Science of Biology Chapter 1

OBJECTIVES: . 1. Relate the relevance of biology to a person's daily life. 2. Describe the importance of biology in human society. 3. List the Characteristics of living things. 4. Summarize the hierarchy of organization within complex multicellular organism. 5. Distinguish between homeostasis an

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The Science of Biology Chapter 1

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    1. The Science of Biology Chapter 1 Developed by Adam F Sprague Ocean County College

    2. OBJECTIVES: 1. Relate the relevance of biology to a person's daily life. 2. Describe the importance of biology in human society. 3. List the Characteristics of living things. 4. Summarize the hierarchy of organization within complex multicellular organism. 5. Distinguish between homeostasis and metabolism and between growth, development, and reproduction.

    3. Biology 1. ALL Living Things are called Organisms. The first life form probably arose on Earth more than 3.5 BILLION years ago. The first organism was a Single Cell, too small to be seen without the aid of a Microscope. 2. The Earth may be home to as many as 40 million types of organisms. (Species) 3. Many types of organisms have not yet been identified, and new types are discovered frequently. 4. Over time Organisms Change (EVOLUTION). New kinds of organisms arose from older kinds and came to inhabit almost every region of the Earth. 5. Even the most extreme locations on Earth contain Life: -Antarctic Ice -Hot vents on the ocean floor -Inside of other organisms 6. Each organism is adapted to the specific features of its environment. 7. BIOLOGY - is the Study of Life or all Living Things.

    4. BIOLOGY and SOCIETY, BIOLOGY AFFECTS YOUR LIFE IN MANY WAYS: FOOD: The use of organisms to produce things that people need is called BIOTECHNOLOGY. CLOTHING: Wool, silk and leather come from animal products. Polyester and nylon are made from petroleum. (Fossil Fuels) SHELTER: Wood, but cutting down of the forest is endangering other animals, i.e.; Spotted Owl and the Kirkland's Warbler. HEALTH: Medicine, treatment of water, garbage disposal, food handling. FUEL: Wood comes from plants, coal from the fossilized remains of plants, Petroleum products (oil and gasoline) from decaying remains of tiny organisms that lived millions of years ago. Fossil Fuels

    5. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE Biologist have established that living things share seven characteristics of life. These characteristics are: 1. Organization and Cells 2. Response to Stimuli 3. Homeostasis 4. Metabolism (Use Energy) 5. Growth and Development 6. Reproduction 7. Change Through Time (Evolution)

    6. ORGANIZATION AND CELLS

    7. Organization A. ORGANIZATION - Living things are HIGHLY ORGANIZED at both the Molecular and Cellular Level. Living things exhibit a high level of organization, with multicellular organisms being subdivided into cells, and cells into Organelles, and organelles into molecules, etc. B. CELLS THE CELL IS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE. All organisms are COMPOSED of CELLS. C. Some organisms are composed of only ONE CELL, called UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS. D. Most of the Living Things that we see around us are MULTICELLULAR, They are composed of MORE Than One Cell. E. Cells are Small but Highly Organized. They contain specialized Structures that carry out the Cell's Life Processes Called ORGANELLES. F. There are many different kinds of cells, but all cells are similar in several ways - They are all surrounded by a Cell Membrane and contain information - in the form of Genetic Information (DNA)- necessary for making New Cell Parts, and NEW CELLS. Unicellular or Multicellular

    8. Levels of Organization in Living Things Chemical Level: Biological molecules, the chemical compounds that provide physical structure and that bring about movement, energy use, and other cellular functions. All biological molecules are made of atoms. Atoms are the simplest particle of an element that retains all the properties of a certain element. DNA is an important biological molecule that encoded the instructions for making many other molecules necessary for life. Organelles: are tiny structures that carry out functions necessary for the cell to stay alive. Cellular Level: A Cell is the smallest unit of life that can perform all life's processes. Tissue Level: Tissues are groups of cells that have similar abilities and that allow the organ to function or, A group of cells that performs a specific function in an organism. Organ Level: Organs are structures that carry out specialized jobs within and organ system. Several different types of tissue (two or more tissues) that function together for a specific purpose form an organ. Organ System Level: Organ systems are several organs working together to perform a specific function. Organism Level: The MOST Complex Level. ALL the Organ Systems of the body functioning with one another constitute the TOTAL ORGANISM - ONE LIVING INDIVIDUAL.

    9. Response to Stimuli All organisms RESPOND to the ENVIRONMENT. All organisms can respond to a stimulus - a physical or chemical change in the internal or external environment. An owl dilates its pupils to keep the level of light entering the eye constant. Plants respond to Sunlight by growing towards it. Organisms must be able to respond and react to changes in their environment to stay alive.

    10. Homeostasis All Living Things must maintain a stable level of internal conditions even though environmental conditions are changing - HOMEOSTASIS

    11. Metabolism Living organisms USE ENERGY to power all of life processes, such as repair, movement, and growth. This energy use depends on Metabolism. METABOLISM which is the sum of all the Chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment.

    12. METABOLISM A. Plants, algae, and some bacteria use the Sun's Energy to generate sugar molecules during a process called Photosynthesis. B. Organisms that obtain their energy by Making Their Own Food, like plants, are called AUTOTROPHS (Producers). Using the Energy from the Sun, Autotrophs convert Water and Carbon Dioxide into Energy Rich substances such as Sugars and Starches during PHOTOSYNTHESIS. C. Organisms such as an owl must take in FOOD to meet their Energy needs are called HETEROTROPHS (Consumers). Heterotrophs include all Animals and Fungi as well as many Unicellular Organisms and a few Plant Species. D. Because they CANNOT PRODUCE THEIR OWN FOOD HETEROTROPHS MUST CONSUME AUTOTROPHS or other Heterotrophs, or Both for their Energy Needs. E. On the Earth the Sun is the source of energy for almost all organisms

    13. Growth and Development All living things grow and increase in size. Even single celled organisms grow. When first formed by CELL DIVISION - the formation of Two New Cells from an existing Cell, they are small, and must grow and develop into mature cells known as cell enlargement. Multicellular organisms pass through a more complicated process of cell division, cell enlargement, and development.

    14. Growth and Development A. In Multicellular Organisms, Cell Division and Cell Enlargement together result in GROWTH. Growth is an Increase in Size. B. The process by which an Adult Organism arises is called DEVELOPMENT. Development is produced by repeated Cell Division and Cell Differentiation or CellSpecialization. Development is a change in Shape or Form.

    15. Reproduction All Organisms produce new organisms like themselves in a process called REPRODUCTION

    16. Reproduction A. During reproduction, organisms transmit hereditary information to their offspring. B. Hereditary information is encoded in a large molecule called DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID OR DNA. C. A short segment of DNA that contains the instructions for the development of a SINGLE TRAIT of an organism is called a GENE. D. The DNA of a cell is like a large library - it contains all the instructions - GENES - that the cell will ever need. The DNA of every body cell, even different kinds of body cells, is IDENTICAL. Each cells uses CERTAIN GENES from the complete set. E. Hereditary information is transferred to offspring during two kinds of reproduction:

    17. REPRODUCTION 1). In SEXUAL REPRODUCTION, Hereditary Information from TWO Organisms of the SAME SPECIES Combine. From the Female the DNA is contain in the EGG, and in the Male the DNA is contain in the SPERM. The Joining of Egg and Sperm produces a FERTILIZED EGG CALLED A ZYGOTE, that contains Hereditary Information from both the Female Parent and the Male Parent. The New Organism is composed of cells that contain complete sets of Hereditary Information from Both its Parents. (2). In ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION, Hereditary Information from different organisms IS NOT COMBINED. One Cell Splits in TWO, or One Cell gives rise to TWO NEW CELLS. Each of the TWO Cells contains an IDENTICAL COPY (Clones) of the Hereditary Information (DNA) from the Original Cell.

    18. Change Through Time (Evolution) A. Populations of organisms EVOLVE, or CHANGE over Generations (TIME). The "Theory of Evolution" helps us to understand how many kinds of organisms that have lived on Earth came into Existence. B. Scientist suggest that a process called NATURAL SELECTION is the most important driving force in Evolution - Organisms that have certain Favorable Traits are Better able to Successfully Reproduce - SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST. C. The survival of organisms with Favorable Traits causes a gradual Change in populations of organisms over many generations. D. Species of organisms ADAPT to their ENVIRONMENTS through EVOLUTION. This allows them to survive in a changing environment

    19. THEMES IN BIOLOGY OBJECTIVES: 1. Identify three important themes that help explain the living world. 2. Explain how life can be diverse, yet unified. 3. Describe how living organisms are interdependent. 4. Summarize why evolution is an important theme in biology

    20. Themes Biology is unified by certain themes, that come into play No Matter what Organism or What Kind of Interaction is studied

    21. Three Important THEMES A. Diversity and Unity of Life B. The Interdependence of Living Organisms C. Evolution of Life (Change over time)

    22. DIVERSITY AND UNITY OF LIFE 1. The diversity, or variety of life is amazing. Scientists estimate that 40 million Species of organisms inhabit the Earth. But of these 40 million Species, only about 1.5 million have been identified and named, and only a few thousand have been studied in any detail. Thus, much of the world of Biology remains to be explored and studied. 2. ALL Living Things are called Organisms. The first life form probably arose on Earth more than 3.5 BILLION years ago. The first organism was a Single Cell, too small to be seen without the aid of a Microscope. 3. The Earth may be home to as many as 40 million types of living organisms. (Species)

    23. DIVERSITY AND UNITY OF LIFE 4. Life is so diverse, yet life is also characterized by Unity, or features that all living things have in common. A. One feature is the Genetic Code, the rules that govern how cells use the hereditary information in DNA. B. Another unifying feature is the presence of organelles that carry out all cellular activities.

    24. The Three Domains of Life The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Bacteria and Archaea have less complex cells (prokaryotic cells) that those of Eukarya (eukaryotic cells).

    25. The Six Kingdoms consists of: A. Four Kingdoms within domain Eukarya - Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae, and Kingdom Animalia. B. One Kingdom in the domain Archaea ("ancient") - Kingdom Archaea (Archaebacteria) C. One Kingdom in the domain Bacteria - called Kingdom Bacteria (Eubacteria).

    26. INTERDEPENDENCE OF ORGANISMS 1. Scientist study the Interactions of Organisms with one another and with their Environment - This branch of Biology is called ECOLOGY. 2. A Leopard could not survive without the grass it walks on 3. Grass (Producer) to (Consumer) Herbivore (plant eater) to (Consumer) Leopard. THE PASSING OF ENERGY FROM ONE ORGANISM TO ANOTHER. 4. Nonliving factors (Abiotic) are also necessary for survival of organisms A. Air B. Water C. Energy (THE SUN, Source of ALL Energy) D. Minerals

    27. The part of the Earth that supports life is called the BIOSPHERE The Biosphere includes all the LAND, WATER, and AIR, where organisms live.

    28. EVOLUTION of LIFE 1. Populations of organisms EVOLVE, or CHANGE over Generations (TIME). The "Theory of Evolution" helps us to understand how many kinds of organisms that have lived on Earth came into Existence. 2. Scientist suggest that a process called NATURAL SELECTION is the most important driving force in Evolution - Organisms that have certain Favorable Traits are Better able to Successfully Reproduce - SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST. 3. One product of natural selection is the Adaptation of Organisms to their environment. Adaptations are traits that improve an individual's ability to survive and reproduce. 3. The survival and reproduction success of organisms with Favorable Traits causes a gradual Change in populations of organisms over many generations. This descent with modifications is an important factor in explaining the diversity of organisms we see on Earth today.

    29. THE STUDY OF BIOLOGY

    30. OBJECTIVES: 1. Outline the main steps in the Scientific Method. 2. Summarize how observations are used to form hypotheses. 3. Lists the elements of a controlled experiment. 4. Describe how scientists use data to draw conclusions. 5. State how communications in science helps prevent dishonesty and bias

    31. Science as a Process 1. Science is characterized by an organizational approach, called the Scientific Method, to learn how the natural world works. The methods of science are based on Two Important Principles: A. That events in the natural world have natural causes not supernatural causes. B. Uniformity - is the idea that fundamental laws of nature operate the same way at all places at all times. 2. Science has some unique features that make it different from other fields of study. One of those features is a Sequence of Logical Steps to Generate New Ideas, Answer Questions, and Draw Conclusions. How scientist try to solve a problem or answer a question. 3. The Characteristic Steps in a scientific inquiry are commonly called THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.

    32. The Steps of Scientific Method are: A. The process of science begins with an Observation. An Observation is the act of perceiving a natural occurrence that causes someone to pose a Question. B. One tries to answer the question by forming Hypotheses. A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for the way a particular aspect of the natural world functions. A hypothesis is also known as an educated guess to explain the observation. C. A Prediction is a statement that forecasts what would happen in a test (experiment) situation if the hypothesis were True. A Prediction is recorded for each hypothesis. D. An Experiment is used to test a hypothesis and its predictions. E. Once the experiment has been concluded, the Data are analyzed and used to Draw Conclusions. F. After data have been analyzed, the data and conclusions are Communicated to scientific peers and to the public. This way others can verify, reject, or modify the researcher's conclusions.

    33. OBSERVING and ASKING QUESTIONS 1. The process of scientific method generally begins with an unexplained observation about nature. Sometimes, making Observation requires little more than carefully looking at an objective. Scientist have many tools to help with observing, the Microscope and Medical Equipment are examples. 2. ALL SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS BEGINS WITH ONE OR MORE QUESTIONS. 3. The questions come from the Observations made.

    34. FORMING A HYPOTHESIS 1. When scientist have made Many Observations and Collected Sufficient Data, a biologist lists possible answers to a scientific question - Hypothesis. This Explanation, called a HYPOTHESIS, IS A STATEMENT THAT BOTH EXPLAINS THEIR OBSERVATIONS AND DATA AND CAN BE TESTED. 2. A Statement (Hypothesis) is Testable if evidence can be collected that either Supports it or Disproves it. 3. A Hypothesis May Be shown to be Wrong, but it can NEVER be Proved TRUE beyond all Doubt. It Can only be supported by Evidence. Scientist often must refine and revise their original Hypothesis - or even discard them - as they uncover New Evidence. 4. To TEST a Hypothesis, scientist make a PREDICTION that logically follows from the Hypothesis. A prediction is what is expected to happen if each hypothesis were true. 5. A PREDICTION is a Statement made in advance that states the Results that will be obtained from Testing a Hypothesis, if the Hypothesis is TRUE. A Prediction most often takes the form of an "IF - THEN" Statement.

    35. DESIGNING An EXPERIMENT 1. An Hypothesis is often Tested by carrying out an EXPERIMENT. 2. EXPERIMENTING IS THE PROCESS OF TESTING A HYPOTHESIS OR PREDICTION BY GATHERING DATA UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS. 3. ALL Experiments have Variables - a Factor that can change in an experiment. Temperature, length of time, size, and chemical composition are possible variables. 4. A CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT is based on a Comparison of a Control Group with an Experimental Group. The Control Group and the Experimental Group are designed to BE IDENTICAL EXCEPT for ONE FACTOR the Independent Factor. 5. The one factor being Tested is called the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE OR EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLE, ALL OTHER VARIABLES MUST BE CONTROLLED. 6. During the course of a controlled experiment, a scientist observes or measures another factor in both the control group and the experimental group. This factor is called the DEPENDENT VARIABLE - dependent because it is driven by or results from the Independent Variable.

    36. COLLECTING AND ANALYZING 1. The LONGEST PHASE of a scientific investigation is Usually Data Collection. 2. DATA include any and all information that scientist gather to answer their questions. 3. There are FOUR Important aspect to collecting Data: OBSERVING, MEASURING, SAMPLING, AND ORGANIZING DATA. A. OBSERVING - It is the observation of something unusual or unexplained that raises the first question. Observation typically employs one or more of the FIVE SENSES to perceive objects or events. Most observation in a scientific investigation are Direct. B. MEASURING - Many kinds of observations involve QUANTITATIVE DATA - Data that can be measured. QUALITATIVE DATA C. SCIENTIFIC SAMPLING is the technique of using a Sample, that is, a Small part, to represent an Entire Population. To be useful, samples must by LARGE AND RANDOM - they should include as many subject as possible, and scientist must be sure to Sample a Cross Section of the Population so that an accurate representation is obtained. D. ORGANIZING DATA - Data are of little use unless they are organized. Organizing Data involves placing Observations and Measurements in some kind of Logical Order, in a Graph, Chart, Table, or Map.

    37. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS MODELING, INFERRING, OR FORMING A THEORY 1. The GOAL of Scientific Investigation is to shed light on something previously Not Understood. 2. THE FINAL STEP OF MOST INVESTIGATIONS IS TO PRODUCE A MODEL. 3. Modeling involves constructing a representation of an object, a system, or a process that helps show relationships among data. 4. A MODEL IS ESSENTIALLY AN EXPLANATION SUPPORTED BY DATA. It can be Visual, Verbal, or Mathematical. 5. INFERRING - An Inference is a Conclusion Made on the basis of Facts or Premises rather than on direct observations. IF YOU SEE SMOKE, YOU WILL PROBABLY INFER THAT ITS SOURCE IS FIRE, EVEN IF YOU CAN'T SEE THE FIRE. An inference is not Directly Testable. 6. FORMING A THEORY - A Theory may formed after many related Hypotheses have been Tested and Supported with much experimental evidence. A Theory is a Broad and Comprehensive Statement of what is THOUGHT TO BE TRUE.

    38. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT 1. Scientist use a Single, Common, Standard System of Measurement so that they can compare their results. Metric System. The metric system is a decimal system and thus is based on powers of 10. 2. The Official Name of the Measurement System is (INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENTS) OR SI. The SI is a Universal, Standardized form of measurement that is use by all Scientist around the world. It allows us to understand each others work and duplicate each others experiments to check the results. 3. BASE UNITS: There are SEVEN Fundamental Base Units in SI: FUNDAMENTAL LENGTH - meter, m MASS - kilogram, kg TIME - second, s ELECTRIC CURRENT - ampere, A TEMPERATURE - kelvin, K AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE - mole, mol LUMINOUS INTENSITY - candela, cd DERIVED UNITS: To measure Surface Area or Velocity, among other things, Derived Units are used. Derived Units are produced by mathematical relationship between TWO Base Units or Between TWO Derived Units.

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