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Understanding DNA: Structure, Functions, and Replication

This resource provides an in-depth look at DNA, its significance, and its components. Students will explore the definition of DNA, which stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, and understand its role as the hereditary material responsible for encoding traits and serving as a blueprint for proteins. The resource will cover the three parts of a DNA nucleotide: phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and nitrogenous bases. Additionally, it will explain DNA's double helix structure, how replication occurs, and the importance of Chargaff's rule in base pairing.

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Understanding DNA: Structure, Functions, and Replication

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  1. Start-up for 1/8/14 You are going to watch a video titled “What is DNA?” As you watch the video, think about the following questions: What is DNA? Why is it important? What items comprise DNA? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwibgNGe4aY&feature=watch_response

  2. Biology Chapter 12-1 and 12-2 DNA and Replication, Pgs. 286-299 Objectives: Students will • Identify DNA and its functions. • List three characteristics of DNA. • Identify the three parts of a DNA nucleotide • Describe DNA’s overall structure • Use Chargaff’s rule to identify base pairs. • Summarize DNA replication

  3. Identify DNA and its functions. What are its functions? What does DNA stand for? • Hereditary Instructions • Chemical code for every trait • “Blueprint” for making Proteins • Deoxyribonucleic Acid

  4. Obj. B) List three characteristics of DNA. What is DNA? 1. Organic molecule – made of carbon 2. Nucleic acid Where is it located? 1. Nucleus 2. Chromosomes X DNA

  5. Obj. C) Identify the three parts of a DNA nucleotide DNA is a nucleic acid. What are the building blocks of nucleic acids? 1. Nucleotides a. Phosphate Group b. Deoxyribose sugar c. Nitrogenous bases: Adenine-Thymine Guanine-Cytosine

  6. Obj. C) Identify the three parts of a DNA nucleotide Given the following combinations, identify those that represent a nucleotide found in DNA. A) Phosphate, Adenine, Deoxyribose B) Deoxyribose, Phosphate, Thymine C) Phosphate, Ribose, Thymine D) Phosphate, Deoxyribose, Guanine E) Phosphate, Deoxyribose, and Uracil A, B, D

  7. Obj. D) Describe DNA’s overall structure Obj. E) Use Chargaff’s rule of base pairing to identify the complementary base in each pair. Nucleotides Ladder Shape 3. Double Helix = Watson and Crick’s Model Sides: Rotate • Sugar • Phosphate Group • Sugar • Phosphate Group Rungs: Attached to sugar • A-T • T-A • G-C • C-G Sugar Phos Sugar Phos Sugar C-G T-A G-C A-T GCAT Hydrogen Bonds

  8. Obj. E) Use Chargaff’s rule of base pairing to identify the complementary base in each pair. Identify the complementary base for each of the following: • 1. Thymine • 2. Cytosine • 3. Guanine • 4. Adenine • 5. Cytosine • 6. Guanine • 7. Thymine • 8. Adenine GCAT • 1. Adenine • 2. Guanine • 3. Cytosine • 4. Thymine • 5. Guanine • 6. Cytosine • 7. Adenine • 8. Thymine

  9. Obj. F) Summarize DNA replication What does it mean to replicate something? COPY • Chromosomes double • When? Mitosis • What stage? Interphase, S Phase • 2n to 4n 2N 2N

  10. Obj. F) Summarize DNA replication Steps for DNA Replication: • DNA untwists • Enzymes unzip DNA • Enzyme – DNA Polymerase creates corresponding base pairs • DNA reforms • 2 strands twist into helix • Result – 2 Identical Strands Each = ½ original, ½ new Identical Strand

  11. Answer the following questions while watching the video: • 1. What two pieces of a nucleotide alternate as the backbone of DNA? • 2. Of what are the DNA rungs comprised? • 3. What is produced from replication? Sugar (Deoxyribose) and Phosphate Group Nitrogen Bases 2 Identical DNA strands Prentice Hall DVD Disc

  12. Understanding Check – Complete the following questions. 1. What is the name of the process where DNA copies itself? 2. Name the three parts of a DNA nucleotide. • Identify the complementary base for each of the following: 4. According to Watson and Crick, what is DNA’s shape? Complete Chapter 12-1 and 12-2 Link Word for homework. You can answer #1-4 and part of #8 on your SBW from your current information.

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