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Innovative Treatments for Codling Moth Control in Sweet Cherries and Apples

This manuscript highlights effective methods for controlling codling moths (Cydia pomonella) in sweet cherries and fresh apples. Utilizing hot water and radio frequency treatments, we examine the efficacy of these approaches on postharvest fruit quality. The studies established protocols for uniform heating and assessed the thermal resistance of various codling moth life stages. Findings indicate that these treatments can replace traditional cold storage and methyl bromide fumigation without compromising fruit quality, providing a sustainable solution for pest management in agriculture.

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Innovative Treatments for Codling Moth Control in Sweet Cherries and Apples

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  1. Manuscript Status2004

  2. PUBLISHED: • Feng, X., J. D. Hansen, B. Biasi, J. Tang, and E. J. Mitcham. 2004. Use of hot water treatment to control codling moths in harvested California ‘Bing’ sweet cherries. Postharv. Biol. Technol. 31: 51-58. • Hansen, J. D., S. R. Drake, M. L. Heidt, M. A. Watkins, J. Tang, and S. Wang. 2004. • Radio frequency treatments for postharvest codling moth control in fresh apples. • HortTechnology 14: 533-537. • Hansen, J. D., S. Wang, and J. Tang. 2004. A cumulated lethal time model to evaluate efficacy of heat treatments for codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in cherries. Postharv. Biol. Technol. 33: 309-317. • Wang, S., X. Yin, J. Tang, and J.D. Hansen. 2004. Thermal resistance of different stages of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). J. Stored Prod. Res. 40: 565-574. • ACCEPTED: • Hansen, J. D., S. R. Drake, M. L. Heidt, M. A. Watkins, J. Tang, and S. Wang. Radio frequency-hot water for postharvest control of codling moth in ‘Bing’ sweet cherries. HortTechnology. • Yin, X., S. Wang, J. Tang, and J. D. Hansen.  Thermal resistance of fifth-instar Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) as affected by pretreatment conditioning.   J. Stored Produc. Res • SUBMITTED: • Drake, S. R., J. D. Hansen, D.C. Elfving, J. Tang,  and S. Wang.  Hot water to control codling moth in sweet cherries: efficacy and quality.  J. Food Qual. • Hansen, J. D., S. R. Drake, M. L. Heidt, M. A. Watkins, J. Tang, and S. Wang. • Potential radio frequency-hot water dip treatment for postharvest codling moth control in fresh apples. J. Food Process. Preserv.

  3. Pulsed application for heating uniformity in apple

  4. James D. Hansen Michele Watkins USDA-ARS Wapato, WA Steven R. Drake USDA-ARS Wenatchee, WA

  5. Problem • Replace cold storage/MeBr fumigation treatment with an equivalent RF procedure • Obtain required efficacy with no loss in fruit quality • Compatible to commercial operations

  6. Goal: Uniform Heating Energy Electrodes

  7. The Reality Energy Electrodes

  8. Objectives • Uniform heating • Probit 9 efficacy against fifth instar codling moth • Maintain fruit quality

  9. Materials and Methods

  10. Experimental design • Fruits initially at room temperature • Use YARL fruit mover in RF unit • Use pulse mode to enhance uniform heating • Treat until fruits reach efficacious temperature (> 50°C) • Verify heat uniformity by multiple measurements • Hold, if necessary, in fruit mover • Hydrocool to room temperature • Target shortest treatment duration

  11. Input-output pipes Fruit Direction Jet spray

  12. YARL Apple Mover

  13. Specifications • Size: 25 cm ht, 66 cm dia, 53 liters • Holds 40 apples • Operates at 2 amps • Rotates at 5 to 7 cycles/min • Water conductivity ~ 600 µs • Initial water temperature = 21°C • Pulse mode for heat uniformity (30 sec on/30 sec off)

  14. Results

  15. Heat Uniformity

  16. Sampling Sites              = 1, 2 cm

  17. Fruit Temperatures (°C) 30on/20off Pulse

  18. Fruit Temperatures (°C) 30on/30off Pulse

  19. Fruit Temperatures (°C) 29 min, 30/30 Pulse, 5 min Hold

  20. Conclusion • RF duration for 29 min at 30/30 pulse mode, then held for 5 min • Replicable average temperatures • Standard deviation < 1°C • Range < 4°C

  21. Efficacy

  22. Exposure time (min)

  23. Conclusion • No survivors for 5 min holding at 29min RF exposure • Lowest possible exposure for quarantine

  24. Fruit Quality

  25. Experimental design • Same as used for efficacy tests • Replicated four times, 40 fruits per treatment • Examined at Wenatchee Lab • Held for 1 month at 1°C (First Observation, 20 fruits) • Examined fruits removed and held one week at 25°C (Second Observation,20) • Measured: • Surface and internal colors • Internal breakdown, scald • Visual appearance

  26. First Observation: Held one month in cold storage (1°C) before evaluation

  27. Physical Properties

  28. Firmness

  29. External

  30. External

  31. Internal

  32. Internal

  33. Internal Damage One day after treatment

  34. Second Observation: Held one month in cold storage (1°C) before evaluation (as with the previous observation) Then one week at room temperature All had severe damage

  35. Preliminary Tests with Papayas

  36. Same Protocol as Apples

  37. Papaya Measurements         

  38. Papaya #1 Range 43.5 to 49.1 °C

  39. Papaya #2 Range 44.2 to 48.8 °C

  40. After Treatment

  41. Future Needs • Need to develop batch methods ( > 500 fruits at a time) • How to deal with multiple layers of floating fruits • Heat uniformity (interfruit and intrafruit) within a batch • Maintain fruit quality (esp. after packing line) • Temperature control in system

  42. Future Needs Continued • Induction of heat shock proteins (hsp) in codling moth larvae from the orchard (weather) • If so, the impact on hot or cold resistance • Reliable method for identifying hsp

  43. End

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