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Conflicts among Countries

Conflicts among Countries. What you need to know. The causes of international conflicts Key Concepts you need to know War – armed conflict between two or more governments or states

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Conflicts among Countries

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  1. Conflicts among Countries Nancy Tay

  2. What you need to know • The causes of international conflicts • Key Concepts you need to know • War – armed conflict between two or more governments or states • Cold War – a period of suspicion and hostility between communist and capitalist countries. It usually refers to the tension between capitalist USA and communist USSR, although no war was fought between them Nancy Tay

  3. Key Concepts you need to know • Communism – a classless social and political system in which the means of production are owned and controlled by the state or the people as a whole. • Capitalism – A system in which production and trade are based on the private ownership of wealth and free market • Democracy – Government by all the people usually through elected representatives Nancy Tay

  4. Reasons for Conflicts Among Countries Present alternative courses of action Discuss pros/cons of each Causes of Conflict Among Countries Competition for scarce resources such as land, water, Oil and fish Differing values And belief systems Competing claims Over territory for Defense or national pride Nancy Tay

  5. Competition for Scarce Nat Resources Case Study 1 : Conflict between Iceland and Britain over fishing ground Nancy Tay

  6. Competition for Scarce Nat Resources Background details • Iceland has few natural resources-> depends on its fishing industry for survival • 79% of Iceland’s total export comprises fresh fish and fish products • Therefore, impt to maintain sustainable levels of fish stocks in the seas around Iceland Nancy Tay

  7. Competition for Scarce Nat Resources Background details • 1970’s • Fish stocks, especially cod, fell by 1/3 because of overfishing by Belgium, German and British fishermen in th e seas around Iceland • Iceland wanted other countries to reduce the volume of their fish catches Nancy Tay

  8. Competition for Scarce Nat Resources Steps Taken and Results Iceland suggested several ways to regulate fishing to the UN Conference on the Law of the Sea -> most suggestions were ignored • Oct 1975: Iceland extended its zone of control over fishing grounds from 50 nautical miles to 200 nautical miles • Most countries complied with the new regulation, except Britain which continued to fish inside the disputed areas Nancy Tay

  9. Competition for Scarce Nat Resources Steps Taken and Results • Nov 1975: Frequent collisions between Britain’s frigates and Iceland’s Coast Guard -> each side blamed the other for the collisions • Feb 1976: Iceland broke off diplomatic ties with Britain • June 1976: Iceland and Britain signed an agreement Nancy Tay

  10. Competition for Scarce Nat Resources Steps Taken and Results Terms: • Britain was allowed to catch a fixed amount of fish • A max of 24 British trawlers were allowed inside the 200 nautical-mile-zone at any one time • Icelandic patrol vessels were allowed to stop and inspect British trawlers suspected of violating the agreement • Agreement would last 6 months after which, Britain had no right to fish inside the 200 nautical-mile-zone Nancy Tay

  11. Conflict Between Israel and Jordan over Water Supplies • The Jordan river is the major source of water for both Israel and Jordan • Early 1950s:Israel wanted to cultivate additional desert land -> built a new pipeline to bring water from the Jordan River to the Negev Desert • called the National Water Carrier, an integrated network of pumping stations, reservoirs, canals and pipelines • Pipelines became the central water supply for Israel but pipeline was a threat to Jordan’s water supply Nancy Tay

  12. Conflict Between Israel and Jordan over Water Supplies Nancy Tay

  13. Conflict Between Israel and Jordan over Water Supplies • Downstream users in Jordan could not get the water they needed • Border clashes between Jordan and Israel • 1967 Israeli – Jordanian War • Israel won and occupied the Golan Heights Israel also • Gained complete control of the Upper Jordan River • Jordan could not tap as much water from the Jordan River • Critical shortage of water in Jordan Nancy Tay

  14. Conflict Between Israel and Jordan over Water Supplies Israel also • destroyed a dam Jordan was constructing on the Yarmouk River during the war • Diverted large amounts of water from the Yarmouk River into Lake Tiberias • Obstructed all attempts by Jordan to build a water storage system to improve its water supply Nancy Tay

  15. Conflict Between Israel and Jordan over Water Supplies Golan Heights Yarmouk River Lake Tiberias Nancy Tay

  16. Conflict Between Israel and Jordan over Water Supplies Steps Taken and Results • Jordan and Israel signed a peace treaty • Both agree to share the Jordan River and provide each other with water • Both agree to build dams and create storage facilities to hold excess rainwater Nancy Tay

  17. Different Values and Beliefs Conflict Between Democracy and Communism In North and South Korea • Before WWII, Korea was under Japanese control • Aug 1945: Japanese surrendered. Korea was divided into two half at the 38th parallel: • Russian troops occupied territories north of 38th parallel • American troops occupied territories south of the parallel Nancy Tay

  18. Conflict Between Democracy and Communism In North and South Korea Nancy Tay

  19. Different Values and Beliefs Conflict Between Democracy and Communism In North and South Korea • 1947: UN called for an election to establish a single government for a united Korea • USSR refused to allow an election in the north • Created a Democratic People’s Republic of Korea or North Korea (capital at Pyongyang) • Became a communist country Nancy Tay

  20. Different Values and Beliefs Conflict Between Democracy and Communism In North and South Korea • Aug 1948: election was held in the south =>formation of the Republic of Korea or South Korea (capital at Seoul) • 1949: Russian and American troops withdrew from North and South respectively • Governments of the two Koreas each claimed the right to rule the whole Korean peninsula • This led to frequent border clashes Nancy Tay

  21. Conflict Between Democracy and Communism In North and South Korea WAR 1950-1953 Nancy Tay

  22. Conflict Between Democracy and Communism In North and South Korea War broke out between the two Koreas • North Korea supported by communist People’s Republic of China • South Korea supported by the USA and its western allies • USA and it’s allies agreed to defend the South with the support of the UN to prevent the communists from extending their influence into South Korea Nancy Tay

  23. Conflict Between Democracy and Communism In North and South Korea 1950—June 25 Early morning, North Korean People’s Army invaded South Korea with seven assault infantry divisions, a tank brigade and 2 independent infantry regiments. UN Security Council resolution calls for an end of aggression from North Korea Korean War Chronological Order Nancy Tay

  24. Conflict Between Democracy and Communism In North and South Korea Nancy Tay

  25. Conflict Between Democracy and Communism In North and South Korea Korean War Chronological Order Nancy Tay

  26. Conflict Between Democracy and Communism In North and South Korea Korean War Chronological Order Nancy Tay

  27. Conflict Between Democracy and Communism In North and South Korea Korean War Chronological Order Nancy Tay

  28. Conflict Between Democracy and Communism In North and South Korea Korean War Chronological Order Nancy Tay

  29. Conflict Between Democracy and Communism In North and South Korea • 1953: Both sides signed anagreement to stop the fighting • Creation of a demilitarized zone between North and South Korea, that is, an area where there are no weapons or soldiers Nancy Tay

  30. Competing Claims Over Territory Border Conflicts between India and China WAR 6th October 1962 Nancy Tay

  31. Border Conflicts between India and China Nancy Tay

  32. Border Conflicts between India and China • No clear defined border between India and China because much of their frontier lies in the inaccessible Himalayas • Two border regions became areas of conflict between India and China: • Aksai Chin plateau on the western end of India-China frontier • North East Frontier Agency (NEFA) on the eastern end of the India-China frontier Nancy Tay

  33. Border Conflicts between India and China Late 1950s: • China began to contest India’s presence in several localities along the border 1958: • China announced that it had build a road on the Aksai Chin plateau • Protests by the Indian government=> tension increased 1959: • Tension worsened when fighting broke out in the NEFA and Aksai Chin regions Nancy Tay

  34. Border Conflicts between India and China Mid – 1961: • China occupied more of the territories which India regarded as its own • Indian government demanded the return of these territories but China refused 1962: • War broke out between China and India • Ended quickly although issues not resolved • Numerous border incidents have broken out since 1962 Nancy Tay

  35. Border Conflicts between India and China • Sino Indian war 1962- This website offer a detailed account of the Indian China war of 1962 • Readings • Basmati Case Study • Problems and Issues in Modern History – Korea • Norway –IWC dispute on Whaling • Israeli Water Use and Exports Nancy Tay

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