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Energy. How we use energy. 1. residential and commercial sector a. Incudes homes, apartments, office buildings, and shopping malls b. Over half energy used in residential and office is for space heating. c. Second highest use – space cooling
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How we use energy • 1. residential and commercial sector • a. Incudes homes, apartments, office buildings, and shopping malls • b. Over half energy used in residential and office is for space heating. • c. Second highest use – space cooling • d. The comes lighting and water heating • 2. industrial- • a. Manufacturing plants, paper mills, oil refineries,ect • b. Largest energy consumers are maufacturers of chemicals, rubber, and plastics as well as oil refineries
How we use energy • 3.Transportation- • a. cars, freight trucks, air transport, boat/ships, and trains • b. Almost entirely oil dependent • c. 97% of the energy is from petroleum • d. Light duty vehicles use 60% of fuels for transport
Historical energy use • 1. The first humans used solar • 2. Plants use photosynthesis to takes the sun’s energy and carbon dioxide and water to form carbohydrates. We use carbohydrates for energy • 3. Early humans used other plant parts like burning wood. • 4. Broadened their energy sources to wind and water to move and drive their machines. Even these are solar powered. • 5. Mid 1700 in Europe turned to other fuels for heat, cooking, and technology for making steel. • a. Wood was depleted turned to coal-beginning of fossil fuel age
Historical energy use • b. Up to 1850 in new world wood burning accounted for 90% of energy consumption • c. Wood was also used for industry and transport in the new world • 6. U.S. energy consumption in beginning of 20th century with the explosion of technology. • a. Needed a fuel source that was plentiful and had a high energy content. • b. Had to have more energy per volume then the fuel it was replacing.
Americas energy transition • 1. wood to fossil fuel transition occurred in late 1800’s • a. Deforestation near cities meant wood had to be transported in • b. Needed an energy source with more energy content. Coal has more then twice the energy content of wood. • c. By 1910 coal accounted for ¾ of all energy use. Railroad transport made coal a good source to use. • 2. Use of Petroleum products began to grow in the 1920’s- easier and cleaner to use then coal. • a. Cheaper transport by pipline • b. After wwII became age of petroleum fuels
America energy transition • 3. Petroleum fuel dominance may be coming to an end • a. 2006 petroleum products dropped to 60% of total energy. • b. Nuclear is growing slightly from 1-8 % and coal is showing a revival growing from 17-23 %
Fossil fuels • 1. oil- crude oil is consumed in large quantities- easily stored, transported, and used. • a. Crude oil is formed from the decay of organic matter such as plants and animals. • b. Most petroleum exists as two forms liquid as crude oil and vapor as natural gas. Solids exist as shale • c. Dead organisms get buried in the mud and shale and are compressed and are transformed over millions of years. • d. Forms in layers of sedimentary rock forming source beds. • e. Migrates into layers of porous and permeable layers. These reservoirs move until they hit impermeable rock where it continues to collect
Fossil Fuels • 2. Natural gas- • a. It used to be thought of as a waste that was burned off when drilling for oil • b. Much cleaner burning then crude oil or coal • 3. coal • a. 80% of coal is used for generating electricity • b. Has very large reserves • c. Coal has accumulated where ancient swamps and marshes in equatorial regions
