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-Child Labour- (3). The Mines Act of 1842 banned women/children from working in coal, iron, lead and tin mining. The average wage in the 1850s was about 15 shillings (A$ 1.22 today’s value) a week. Many children got just 5 shillings (41 cents our money today) a week, or less.
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-Child Labour- (3) The Mines Act of 1842 banned women/children from working in coal, iron, lead and tin mining. The average wage in the 1850s was about 15 shillings(A$ 1.22 today’s value) a week. Many children got just 5 shillings (41 cents our money today) a week, or less. Single room for "mechanic" (manual labourer) in lodgings - 3 to 6 shillings per week. Bread for a week cost 1 shilling and six pence.
Keeping a chimney clean - Orphaned children as young as four were sold by orphanages to Master Sweeps to clean the chimneys of British cities and towns. Home fires kept England warm in winter. It was also legal to capture vagrant, homeless children and force them into slavery. The children would be sent up into a chimney to clean the soot from the chimney walls with their hands or with scrapers. It was normal for the children to become scared and reluctant to climb. Common practice was to light a small fire using straw or paper in the fire place to force the chimney sweep to the top. This is where the phrase "to light a fire under you" comes from.
A woman 'sells' her son to a chimney-sweep. He will work as a 'climbing-boy' cleaning chimneys.
“Get up there my boy!” “Please Sir, not again.” “Three more, and there’s a Farthing in it for ya lad.”
‘Chimney-sweeps’ – (1) • The Chimney Sweepers and Chimneys Regulation Act 1840 made it illegal for anyone under the age of 21 to sweep chimneys. • It was widely ignored. • Attempts were made in 1852 and 1853 to reopen the issue, another enquiry was convened and more evidence was taken. There was no bill. The Chimney Sweepers Regulation Act 1864tightened controls significantly, by authorising fines and imprisonment for master sweeps who were ignoring the law, giving the police the power of arrest on suspicion and authorising Board of Trade inspections of new and remodelled chimneys. • Lord Shaftesbury was a main proponent of the Bill.
‘Chimney-sweeps’ – (2) • In February 1875 a twelve-year-old boy, George Brewster, was sent up the Fulbourn Hospital chimneys by his master, William Wyer. He stuck and smothered. The entire wall had to be pulled down to get him out and although he was still alive, he died shortly afterwards. There was a Coroner’s Inquest which returned a verdict of manslaughter. Wyer was sentenced to six months’ imprisonment with hard labour. • Lord Shaftesbury seized on the incident to press his campaign again. He wrote a series of letters to The Times and in September 1875 pushed another Bill through Parliament which finally stopped the practice of sending boys up chimneys. • A Chimney Sweepers Act was passed in 1875 that required chimney sweepers to be authorised by the police to carry on their businesses in the district, thus providing the legal means to enforce all previous legislation
A ‘crossing-sweeper’. His job was to sweep away horse-dung and other rubbish on the road. Long dresses must have gotten v-e-r-y dirty!
Societal Changes: New roles were defined for Middle Class men and women. MC men went to work in business, while MC women worked from home and cared for the family. The higher standard of living for the Middle Class meant that their children received some form of formal education. Working Class families faced many hardships due to poor living and working conditions, and most WC children never received an education.
Communism: Karl Marx wrote in The Communist Manifesto (1848) that all of human history is based on the conflict between the bourgeoisie (those who own the means of production) and the proletariat (working class). He predicted that the proletariat would rise up in a violent revolution to overthrow the bourgeoisie and create a society with an equal distribution of goods and services. This socialist theory would form the basis for the Bolshevik (Soviet Union), Chinese, and Cuban Revolutions in the 20th Century.
Key quotes from the Manifesto • "A spectre is haunting Europe: the spectre of Communism" (78) • "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles" (79) • "Society as a whole is more and more splitting into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat" (80).
Key quotes from the Manifesto • we shall have an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all" (105). • "Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communistic revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. WORKING MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE!" (120).
Aims of the Communists -The abolition of all private property- • The ownership of the means of production • The ownership of the means of distribution
Imperialism: Africa, China, India, South East Asia, and other areas of the world were controlled by Europe to provide raw materials and new markets for industrialized goods. Imperialism (the ‘Race for Colonies’)had a negative effect on most of these cultures, and did not completely end until after World War II. Imperialism usually only benefited the European nations.
Conclusion: The Industrial Revolution was a major turning point in world history as it resulted in a complete change in society on all levels. Effects of the Industrial Revolutions were long reaching, and influenced many other cultures both positively and negatively.
Flow Chart – Task - (1) • Your task is to create a flow chart explaining the ‘Industrial Revolution’ (Great Britain). • Your FC should cover (link in a logical connection) the following points – • Beginnings of the ‘I.R’ in Britain. (This would include listing reasons why Britain was ‘the place’ in Europe.) • Course of the ‘I.R.’ in Britain. (Events & Inventions over 18th & 19th Centuries.
Flow Chart – Task – (2) 3. Changes/impacts/results within in Great Britain related to the ‘I.R.’ (This section should include social, economic and political changes.) 4. Any conclusions you can make about the ‘I.R.’ in Great Britain. Try to keep your FC to one page.
How does the I.R. relate in terms of Australia? • What happened in Great Britain? Society changed. Country folk moved to the cities. The cities became crowded and smelly places for the ‘not-so-wealthy’ classes. If you had a job in the city factories – good. Unemployment meant poverty. Poverty associated with crime. Crime meant punishment.
Punishment (depending on the crime) meant imprisonment, execution or ‘Transportation’. • ‘Transportation’ was a special punishment. It meant convicts were sent from England, Ireland, Wales and Scotland to the Americas. After the ‘War of Independence’, the Revolutionaries refused to accept convicts, so England exported convicts to New South Wales.
Settlement in Australia • Aborigines arrived from Asia anywhere up to c.60,000 years ago. • Europeans ‘discover’ patches of Australia’s continental coastlines. The Dutch (and English) glimpse (and chart) the western coastline (and some of the northern coast). • The Dutch find their way to Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) and on to New Zealand.
Convicts and Free Settlers From about 1815 the colony began to grow rapidly as free settlers arrived from Britain and Ireland and new lands were opened up for farming. Despite the long and arduous sea voyage, settlers were attracted by the prospect of making a new life on virtually free Crown land. Many settlers occupied land without authority; they were known as squatters and became the basis of a powerful landowning class.
Population increase - ‘Big Time’! • The discovery of gold, beginning in 1851 first near Bathurst in New South Wales and then in the newly formed colony of Victoria, transformed Australia economically, politically and demographically (socially). • The gold rushes occurred hard on the heels of a major worldwide economic depression. As a result, about two per cent of the population of the British Isles emigrated to New South Wales and Victoria during the 1850s. • There were also a significant number of continental Europeans (Germans, French Italians), North Americans (from the USA and Canadians) and Chinese.
Gold Rushes across the continent 1851 the Australian population was 437,655, of which 77,345, or just under 18%, were Victorians. A decade later the Australian population had grown to 1,151,947 and the Victorian population had increased to 538,628; just under 47% of the Australian total and a sevenfold increase. The rapid growth was predominantly a result of the Gold Rushes.
‘Gold Fever’s got hold on me now’ • Gold brought both progress and problems. Sudden wealth transformed a small port town into a frantic world centre. • The wharves were constantly jammed with shipping, cargo and migrants disembarking. • Society seemed to be turned upside down as diggers drank champagne from buckets and Irish maids paraded in silks and diamonds.
Industrial Revolution hits Melbourne By 1861, Melbourne was a city of 125 000 people. Gas street lighting, regular piped water (the building of Yan Yean Reservoir in the 1850s had ensured the availability of fresh water, but there was still no sewerage system) and solid buildings gave the city a more permanent appearance. The instant city was maturing.
Cast Iron - a City Dressed in Lace(Does this ring a bell with Britain?) Melbourne has more decorative cast iron than any other city in the world. By the 1880s it symbolised the city's brash image virtually every new balcony and verandah was draped in an 'iron petticoat'. Over 40 local foundries were kept busy, melting and casting pig-iron bars that arrived as ship's ballast. By 1900, the foundries had registered 161 different designs.
Marvellous metal work! This cast iron decoration is from the Federal Coffee Palace, built in 1888 as a temperance (alcohol free) hotel with over 500 rooms. It was demolished in 1973.
More people than ever before - During the later half of the nineteenth century several colonies funded the immigration of skilled immigrants from Europe, starting with the assistance of German vintners (wine makers) to South Australia. The government found that if it wanted immigrants it had to subsidise(financially assist) migration; the great distance from Europe made Australia a more expensive and less attractive destination than Canada and the United States.
Collins Street looking east from Elizabeth Street, late 1880s.
Little Lonsdale Street from the Old Governor Bourke Hotel, corner Spring Street, Melbourne, 1870-75.
