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Scientific Paper

Scientific Paper. Elements. Title, Abstract, Introduction, Methods and Materials, Results, Discussion, Literature Cited The actual words Abstract, Introduction, etc. are centered on the line above the text of each section. The exception is the Title that appears alone. Writing.

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Scientific Paper

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  1. Scientific Paper

  2. Elements • Title, Abstract, Introduction, Methods and Materials, Results, Discussion, Literature Cited • The actual words Abstract, Introduction, etc. are centered on the line above the text of each section. The exception is the Title that appears alone.

  3. Writing • The writing should be clear, logical, orderly, free of grammatical and spelling errors. • Do not refer to the writer or experimenters by name or with personal pronouns.

  4. Title • Tell the reader the type of work being reported • Organism studied • Aspect or system examined • Variable(s) manipulated • Follow the title by the author(s) names and affiliation(s)

  5. Abstract • A one or two paragraph condensation of the entire paper. • Provides the main features and results of the work. • Should be able to stand alone.

  6. Introduction • Present the question at issue • Present background information about why the question is of interest • Place the question in the context of what is already known about the topic • Present what the current study might contribute to the question • Present the hypotheses being tested

  7. Study Site • Describe the field location • Describe the sampling procedure

  8. Methods • Describe the materials and procedures used • Should allow others to repeat your study to see if they would get similar results • Published techniques that you’ve used should be cited without describing them in detail • Use past tense and tell the reader what was done (not how to do it).

  9. Results • Present the results of your study • Be clear, without comment or bias or interpretation • Graphs, data tables and figures are important • Report statistical tests • Do not draw conclusions in this section

  10. Discussion • Evaluate the meaning of your results • Draw conclusions about your original hypotheses • Present the significance of your conclusions in regards to the question at issue • Present what the study has contributed to the overall understanding of the question

  11. Literature Cited • List all published work mentioned in your paper • Use style presented in your handbook or see the CSE Style Manual

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