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India

India. India’s Geography. Subcontinent Mountains River valleys Dry interior plateau Fertile coastal plains Himalayas to North Barrier and protector Ganges River South of Himalayas. Indus Valley in West (in present day Pakistan) Deccan Plateau South of river valleys Hilly and dry

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India

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  1. India

  2. India’s Geography • Subcontinent • Mountains • River valleys • Dry interior plateau • Fertile coastal plains • Himalayas to North • Barrier and protector • Ganges River • South of Himalayas • Indus Valley • in West (in present day Pakistan) • Deccan Plateau • South of river valleys • Hilly and dry • Similar to Mesopotamia and Egypt: Yes! • River valleys and dry

  3. Monsoon! • Seasonal winds that bring the heavy rains to Southern Asia • People depend upon these rains for their agriculture

  4. Material Culture • 2600 – 1900 BCE • Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro (largest and best known sites) • Writing system existed, but no source to decipher it

  5. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro • Harappa • 3.5 miles circ, pop 35,000 • Mohenjo-Daro • Several times larger • Both surrounded by brick walls • Streets in grid pattern • Drainage / sewer systems carried away waste • Citadel (fortress) center of authority • Grain storage, barracks, protection • Both controlled surrounding farmlands • Pastoral economies

  6. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro • Trade in copper, tin, precious stones (more access to metals than Egypt of Meso.) often with nwmtn area of Afghanistan and Iran, also Meso. • High degree of standardization in city planning, architecture, even size of bricks • Strong authoritarian control (?) or result of extensive trade (?)

  7. The Early Harappan Civilization 4,000 BC to 3,000 BCE

  8. Technologies • Irrigation systems • Potter’s wheel, kiln • Bronze metallurgy • Writing system

  9. Aryans • Indo-European nomads • From Central Asia • Warlike • Conquered Harappan civilizations

  10. Aryan Life

  11. Ancient Indian Society • Caste: Class (same as varna) • Caste System: a rigid set of social classes (status) • Based on occupation, economic potential, skin color • Aryans were lighter skinned and looked down on darker skinned subjects (though more advanced than Aryans)

  12. Caste System • 1. Brahmans (priests) • 2. Kshatryias (warriors) • 3. Vaisyas (commoners) • 4. Sudras (majority, non-Aryans, darker skinned) • 5. Untouchables (not even part of system, 5%)

  13. Ancient Indian Society

  14. Hinduism • Polytheistic • Main creative force in the universe • Brahman (creator), Vishnu (preserver), Siva (destroyer) • Reincarnation: individual soul will be reborn as another after death • Karma: “You are where you deserve to be” • What goes around comes around • What you do in this life depends what you come back as in next life • Dharma: divine law that states you must be the best you can in your given situation (status) • Gives religious basis for class distinctions • Temples (not like Christian masses) • Main religion of most Indians today

  15. Hinduism

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