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Ancient Rome. Land and Peoples. Apennine mountains divide east and west Many fertile plains for farming. Less rugged mountains allowed Ancient Rome to be more unified then Greece. Rome’s location. On the Tiber river
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Land and Peoples • Apennine mountains divide east and west • Many fertile plains for farming. • Less rugged mountains allowed Ancient Rome to be more unified then Greece
Rome’s location • On the Tiber river • Gave them access to the sea, while protecting them from pirates since they were inland. • City was built on 7 hills, so it was easily defended.
Italy’s location • Middle of the Mediterranean • Center of trade across the Mediterranean • Could easily defend it’s empire with this location.
Greek Influence • Between 750 B.C. and 550 B.C. the Greeks left a large influence on the Romans • Cultivation of Grapes and Olives • Greek Alphabet • Cultural models of sculpture, architecture, and literature.
Etruscan Influence • Etruscans had the largest influence • This group was located north of Rome • They controlled Rome after 650 B.C. • They turned Rome into a city • Romans adopted Etruscan dress:TOGA and Short Cloak • Romans adopted Etruscan military ideas
Roman Republic • 509 B.C. Romans overthrow the Etruscans • They established a Republic • Republic: The leader is not a monarch, and some citizens have the right to vote
War and Conquest • The Romans set out to conquer all of Italy. • By 264 B.C.they had defeated the Latin states, and the Greek states to the south to gain this control. • They then formed the Roman confederation
Roman Confederation • This allowed Latins to become full citizens • Other conquered peoples were forced to become allies • These allies had to give soldiers to Rome • If the allies were loyal, they too could become full Roman citizens. • What advantages would one gain by becoming a citizen?
Successful Strategies: Why was Rome successful? • Livy- Historian who told stories of Roman duty, courage, and discipline. • Rome had good: Diplomats- Allowed states to rule themselves. Military/Strategies- Very organized and determined. Construction of Roads- Allowed trade and soldiers to move very quickly and efficiently. Political Institutions- Created these in response to problems once they arose.
Historian LIVY Why do you think an historian like Livy is significant to the development of civilization?
Roman Political Structure • 2 groups • Patricians- Wealthy landowners who could be rulers • Plebeians- Less wealthy landowners, small farmers, and merchants who could not be rulers.
Chief Executive Officers were Consuls and Praetors. • Consulsran the government and led the Army. • Praetors- They were in charge of civil law • Roman Senate- 300 Patricians who served for life. They advised government officials, and eventually gained the power of making laws.
Struggle of the Orders • Centuriate assembly elected officials, consuls, and praetors, and passed laws. The wealthiest citizens made up the Centuriate assembly. • Council of Plebs came into being as a result of the struggle between the two Roman social orders.
Struggle of the Orders • Children of the Plebeians and Patricians were forbidden to marry. • Plebeians resented this because they served in the Roman army. • They believed they deserved both social and political equality. • Eventually, after hundreds of years of struggle in 471 B.C. the council of the Plebs was formed. This gave political power to the Plebeians • Plebeians and Patricians could now also marry.
Roman Law • Another reason for Rome’s success was its law system. • First came the 12 tables of Roman law. This system came about in 450 B.C. • The laws gave rights to the accused, and gave procedures to all trials as well. • These laws laid the foundation for our laws today.
Laws on Display • Temple of Saturn • Next to this was the rostra, where the tablets of the 12 tables were mounted for all to see.
Problems with their laws • Eventually, as these laws only applied to Roman citizens, problems of citizens vs. non-citizens arose. • New system- Law of Nations was established • Laws applied to all people. • Principle of innocent until proven guilty, ability to defend yourself, and judges forced to consider all facts while making decisions were all aspects of the Law of Nations.
Phoenicians: Carthage • Rome’s chief competitor was Carthage • Located in modern day Tunisia, (North Africa) this empire was founded by Phoenicians in 800 B.C. • By 300 B.C. it had a huge trading empire, and was the largest and wealthiest empire in the region. • This would create a natural conflict with the Romans.
Ruins in Carthage • What does this remind you of?
First Punic War • The first physical conflict occurred over the territory of Sicily. • Both Rome and Carthage considered the island their territory. • Rome was fearful of Carthage being on the island and sent an army there. • The war began in 264 B.C.
Rome wins • Rome’s military strength was in its ground forces. • They knew they had to have a Navy to defeat the Carthaginians. • After building a huge navy and a long struggle, Rome finally wins the first Punic War in 241 B.C. • Carthage gives up its rights to Sicily and has to pay a fine to Rome • Carthage is embarrassed and Hannibal, their greatest General swears revenge on Rome.
Second Punic War • Hannibal decided to take the war to the Romans • He brought an army of 46,000 men, hundreds of horses, and 37 battle elephants into Spain, through the Alps, and into Italy. • Most of the elephants did not survive, but his armies were ready to attack Rome.
Roman mistake • Hannibal is regarded as one of the best battle field generals ever. • The Roman’s underestimated this and attacked his army head on. • Disaster- Battle of Cannae: The Roman army was decimated by the Carthaginians, and lost almost 40,000 men!
Rome weakened • This defeat nearly crushed the Roman republic, but they raised a new army. • Slowly they began recapturing territory from the Carthaginians. • By 206, they had attacked Spain and driven Carthaginians out of Spain. • Finally they decided to attack Carthage while Hannibal was still in Italy • This forced Hannibal to return home.
Decisive Battle • Battle of Zama- 202 B.C. • Rome was led by Scipio Africanus • Romans destroyed Hannibal’s army.
More Conquests • Fifty years after the second Punic war, Rome wanted complete revenge on Carthage. • Many wanted Carthage destroyed. • A huge Roman army was sent in 146 B.C. to burn it to the ground. • For 10 days the Romans burned and demolished the city. • Its inhabitants were murdered or taken into slavery. • Carthage became a Roman territory named Africa.
Results of the Punic Wars • Rome established as greatest power of the Mediterranean. • Ruled all of the Hellenistics states in the Eastern Mediterranean • Controlled Macedonia, Greece, and Pergamum, Spain, and North Africa.
