Text Structure

1. TextStructure Nonfiction Organizational Patterns

2. TextStructure How text is organized. • Nonfiction has lots of text structures. • Each paragraph may be different. We’ll learn 4 types.

3. Chronological In order of time Chrono = time Stories are told chronologically Moved Away Met Girl Fell in Love Born in 1882 Married in 1906 Died in 1948

4. Many of the racial and ethnic groups that live in the Hawaiian Islands today arrived at different times in history. Most of them came to work as laborers on the sugar and pineapple plantations. The first group arrived in the 1850’s, when the Chinese came. They were followed by the Japanese in the 1880’s, and then the Koreans and Filipinos in the early 1900’s. These groups were the last major Asian immigrants to the islands. The immigration process continues today, but now many workers arrive from Mexico and Central America.

5. The Lazy Student When Tim woke up, he didn’t want to go to school. His mom took him anyway. So, he went to school, but he didn’t do any work. The days passed, and Tim still didn’t do any work. Mr. Morton called Tim’s house, but Tim still wouldn’t do any work. Finally the report cards came out, and Tim failed his classes. Tim was sad.

6. Sequential/Logical Order (organized in a way that makes sense) Steps described in the order they occur. Get bread Tighten Laces Open jars Tie Loops Together Spread peanut butter Make Two Loops Spread jelly Combine slices Put on Shoe Enjoy. Does not take place at any specific point in time.

7. 1 Deviled Eggs Pop out (remove) the egg yolks to a small bowl and mash with a fork. Add mayonnaise, mustard powder, vinegar, salt and pepper and mix thoroughly. Fill the empty egg white shells with the mixture and sprinkle lightly with paprika. Cover lightly with plastic wrap and refrigerate for up to one day before serving.

8. Good morning. • Please get out your ISN. Quietly review your notes on cause and effect from yesterday.

9. PSDA cycle objectives: -Identify the text structure of expository pieces. -Use my knowledge of text structure to better comprehend the text. Today’s Lesson Objectives: -I will be able to identify when the text is written using cause/effect text structure. -I will use my knowledge of cause/effect relationships to better understand what I am reading. -I will demonstrate my analysis of the text by creating a multi-flow map and highlighting cause/effect signal words.

10. Cause and Effect Relationships • Cause-happens 1st It’s the reason WHY the effect happened. Without this part, the event would not have happened. Ask yourself- “Why did the event happened? What happened first?” • Effect-It’s WHAT happens. It happens after the cause. Ask yourself “What happened second?”

11. Examples • Sam didn’t study for the test, so he failed. • Haley grabbed his umbrella because it was raining. • Think of a real life example of cause and effect to share with your neighbor.

12. Cause and Effect Text Structure The text will explain reasons why something happened and/or the effects of an event (what happened afterward as a result of the first thing/things that happened). Which Thinking Map would we use to show cause and effect relationships? Not feeding it. Many Karate Schools Opened. Not petting it. My dog ran away. Karate was in manymovies in the 1960’s. Nunchuck sales Increased 400% Not loving it. Hospital cases went up.

13. Cause/Effect Signal Words Cause- Effect- • Because -As a result • Led to -So • Since -Then • Due to -Therefore • The reason for -For this reason • On account of

14. Can you find the signal words? As a result of the snowstorm, people were out shoveling snow from their sidewalks. Due to the low temperatures, the power lines were draped with ice. So they could still drive to work, snow plows drove down every street to clear the way. Since the unexpected snow caused school to be cancelled, the children were the happiest of all.

15. Read both articles to yourself. Decide which one has the cause/effect structure and write it in your ISN. Explain your answer using evidence to support it. Discuss it with your partner. • Then, reread cause/effect article again aloud with your partner. Highlight any unknown words and then try to use context clues to figure out what they mean. Discuss with your partner. • Finally, go to the counter by the sink. Get the partially completed Multi-Flow Map by the sink and complete it. Try to complete it on your own. If you need help, you may ask your neighbor. • When you are finished, you may read your AR book.

16. Closure • What caused the natural oil in the penguin’s feathers to be destroyed? • Why did people make sweaters? • What effect did swimming have on the wool in the sweaters? • The ________is what happens after the first event. • The ________ is what happens first.

17. Compare and Contrast Compare = find similarities Contrast = find differences Shows what’s in common and what’s different. Apples & Oranges Fruits Have Seeds Healthy Colors Tastes Locations

18. Key express comparison include: • like, similar • in the same way, too, also • both, have in common • similarly, as well

19. Key words commonly used to express contrast include: • Although, yet, whereas • However, but, while • Differ, instead, unless • Unlike, on the contrary • even though, on the other hand

20. Practice Starts easy but gets hard • Read the paragraph • Identify the text structure • Write it down.

21. 2 Sports at Ericson There are two popular sports played at Ericson, basketball and volleyball. Both take place inside of the gym at Ericson. Also, each sport has two teams of people. In basketball, however, the ball can be played off of the floor, and in volleyball, the ball cannot touch the floor or it is out of play. Basketball and volleyball are popular sports at Ericson.

22. When a solar-powered (powered by the sun) water pump was provided for a well in India, the village headman took it over and sold the water. The new availability of large amounts of water attracted hordes of strangers to the town. Also, village boys whose jobs before were to carry the water in buckets, now had nothing to do, and some became criminals. The gap between rich and poor widened, since the poor had no land to benefit from irrigation. Finally, village women broke the pump, so they could gather again around the well that had been the center of their social lives. Moral: technological advances have social, cultural sentence and economic consequences, often unanticipated.

23. 4 Failing Classes Lots of students fail classes. Some students fail because the work is too hard for them. Other times they may fail because they are lazy, and don’t do any work. Another reason why students may fail is if they don’t go to school. If you’re not in class you may miss a lot. Many students fail classes every quarter.

24. 7 Three Types of Circus Clowns Generally, there are three categories of circus clowns—whiteface, august and character. Each has a specific makeup style and costume. Each has a typical act as well. The neat whiteface is usually a strict, in-charge character who sets up the punch line for the joke with a partner His facial features are neatly detailed in red or black. Circus legend has it that the august clown got his name from a German nickname for someone who is clumsy. The august wears light-colored makeup, but white is used around the mouth and eyes, and there’s a big red nose. This clown performs a great deal of slapstick humor. Character clowns perform as different personalities—cowboys, scarecrows, grandmothers or symphony conductors. The most famous character clown, however, is the tramp. Tramps wear different styles of makeup and costumes that are torn or shabby. Some tramp clowns are happy-go-lucky. Others are extremely sad. Still others act like gentlemen who just happen to be out of money.

25. 8 HOW TO USE THE MICROSCOPE1. Plug in the lamp.2. Place a sample of what you wish to observe on a slide.3. Adjust the mirror so it reflects light from the room up into the objective lens. 4. Place your slide with the specimen directly over the center of the glass circle on the stage. 5. With the LOW POWER objective lens placed over the slide, use the coarse focus knob.6. Look through the eyepiece with one eye while closing the other eye. 7. Use the fine focus knob to fine

26. 9 Fewer Toads Though toads are still around, they no longer are as common in some areas as they were a few decades ago. The growing use of insecticides has reduced their numbers. The chemical sprays usually do not harm toads, but cut down the animals’ food supply. Thereby, the toads do not have enough food to survive. There are fewer toads in many areas populated by humans.

27. Answers • Sequence • Compare and Contrast • Chronological • Cause and Effect • Problem and Solution • Chronological • Compare and Contrast • Sequence • Cause and Effect • Problem and Solution

28. Problem and Solution Author states a problem and solution(s). Similar to cause and effect. Missing Books Eagles were endangered. Make laws to protect them. Putting in the Closet Basically Cause & Effect With an Opinion.And an answer. Getting Lockers

29. 6 Gail Denvers Devers experienced the highlight of any sprinter’s career, as she stood on the huge platform in the giant stadium and received an Olympic gold medal. Eighteen months earlier she wasn’t thinking about running. She was hoping that she would be able to walk again. Just four years earlier, in the summer of 1988, as Devers was training for the Olympic Games, to be held in Seoul, South Korea, she began to feel very tired all the time and failed to make the Olympic finals.

30. 5 Passing Classes A lot of students have been failing classes. These students wouldn’t be failing classes if they studied more, asked questions, tried harder, and came in for extra help. Even though a lot of students fail classes, they have many options if they want to pass.

31. 10 Restoring the Toad Dr. Knapp doesn’t want people to sit back and let the toad vanish. He believes that everyone is responsible for restoring the toad species. Dr. Knapp thinks we could help restore the toad population if we stop mowing parts of our lawns and let the grass grow wild to reserve space for the toad. He also believes we need to stop using pesticides and fertilizers. The chemicals kill the insects that toads eat. If we preserve some spaces in our lawns and stop using fertilizers, Dr. Knapp believes we can save the toads.