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Isomerism refers to the phenomenon where compounds with the same molecular formula exhibit different structural or spatial arrangements. This can include positional isomerism, where the location of a functional group or double bond varies; geometric isomerism (cis-trans), which involves differing orientations around double bonds; and stereoisomerism, where atoms are arranged differently in three-dimensional space. This guide covers key concepts, examples like butene and dichloroethene, and a fun interactive game to reinforce your learning about various isomers and their characteristics.
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CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH C CH CH C CH CH CH CH CH3 CH3 CH CH CH CH CH C CH C CH CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 beta – carotene
Cis – retinal CH3 H CH3 H H H H H CH3 3HC 3HC C ═ O H
Trans – retinal O ║ C H H CH3 CH3 CH3 H H CH3 H H H 3HC
ALKENE ISOMERISM
CHAIN/SKELETAL STRUCTURAL POSITIONAL FUNCTIONAL ISOMERISM GEOMETRICAL STEREO CONFORMATIONAL OPTICAL
Positional • Positional Isomers –Isomers that differ in the location of a noncarbon group or a double or triple bonds. Example : 2 - butene CH3 – CH ═ CH – CH3 -------------→ CH2 ═ CH – CH2 – CH3 -------------→ 1 - butene
Stereoisomerism • Isomers with the same bonding attachments of atoms but different spatial orientations.
Geometric • Or sometimes called cis and trans isomers – a type of stereoisomerism in which atoms or groups display orientation differences around a double bond or ring.
Cis -Isomer • Geometric isomer in which groups are on the “same side”of the ring or double bond. Example : 1,2 – dichloroethene Cl Cl C ═ C H H
Trans – Isomer • Geometric Isomer in which groups are on the “opposite” sides of ring or double bond. Example :1,2 - dichloroethene Cl H C ═ C Cl H
Mechanics • All will be given a chance 2 answer • I will be D’ one flashing instructions on screen • Then, U will be doing Ur all, to comply with the given instructions. • U will be doing it first on Ur notebook, then if you are done U just have 2 “shout out” your name 2 class and said “I can answer that ma’am espie” • U will be given 20 seconds 2 answer on D’ board. • 3 points will be added on your quizzes or exercises for every correct answer. • Good luck everyone!!!
19 20 13 11 EXAMPLE 18 15 08 07 14 17 16 01 04 09 03 10 12 06 05 02 00 O ║ Draw the CIS and TRANS isomers of 1,2 – difluoroethene F F F H C ═ C C ═ C H F H H CIS TRANS
D’ game starts Now………
19 20 13 11 18 15 08 07 14 01 17 16 12 10 09 05 04 03 06 Item # 1 02 00 O ║ Draw the CIS and TRANS isomers of the molecular formula C6H12or 3 – hexene CH3 – CH2 CH2 – CH3 H CH2 – CH3 C ═ C C ═ C H H H CH3 – CH2 CIS TRANS
19 20 13 11 18 17 16 01 15 14 07 08 03 04 05 09 06 12 10 Item # 2 00 02 O ║ Draw the structure of the given IUPAC name Cis,Cis – 3,5 – octadiene H H CH3 – CH2 C ═ C CH2 – CH3 C ═ C H H
19 20 13 11 18 15 08 07 14 01 16 17 05 10 09 12 04 03 06 Item # 3 02 00 O ║ Draw the structure of the given IUPAC name Trans,Cis,Trans – 3,4 – dibromo 7,8 – dichloro – 3,5,7 – decatriene H H Cl C ═ C Br C ═ C C ═ C Cl CH3 – CH2 CH2 – CH3 Br
19 20 13 11 18 15 08 07 14 01 17 16 12 10 09 05 04 03 06 Item # 4 02 00 O ║ Draw the CIS and TRANS isomers of the molecular formula C6H10F2 double bond is located at carbon 3 CH3 – CH2 CH2 – CH3 F CH2 – CH3 C ═ C C ═ C F F F CH3 – CH2 CIS TRANS
19 20 13 11 18 15 08 07 14 01 16 17 05 10 09 12 04 03 06 Item # 5 02 00 O ║ Draw the structure of the given IUPAC name Cis,Cis,Trans – 2,3,6,7 – tetrachloro– 2,4,6 – nonatriene H H Cl C ═ C 3HC C ═ C C ═ C Cl Cl Cl CH2 – CH3
