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Ottoman Empire and Decline (1300-1920)

Ottoman Empire and Decline (1300-1920). The Ottomans established a Muslim empire that combined many cultures and lasted more than 600 years. Many modern societies, from Algeria to Turkey, had their origins under Ottoman rule. . Main Idea. Extent of Ottoman Empire. Allowed religious tolerance

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Ottoman Empire and Decline (1300-1920)

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  1. Ottoman Empire and Decline (1300-1920)

  2. The Ottomans established a Muslim empire that combined many cultures and lasted more than 600 years. Many modern societies, from Algeria to Turkey, had their origins under Ottoman rule. Main Idea

  3. Extent of Ottoman Empire

  4. Allowed religious tolerance • Embraced cultural diversity • How is this different from previous civilizations that we have covered? • Positives? • Negatives? Attributes of Ottomans

  5. Siege of Constantinople • Mehmed II (Mehmed the Conqueror) • Significance: brought a formal end to the Roman Empire with the fall of the Byzantine Empire • Today known as Istanbul

  6. Case Study: Hagia Sophia

  7. What is It? • Built by Constantine • What city is it in? • Originally a Christian church • Eventually converted to a Muslim mosque after Ottoman takeover

  8. Virgin Mary with Child (12th Century)

  9. 19th Century Restorations

  10. The Ottoman Empire in Decline • Reasons • Nationalist revolts • Egypt was lost • European pressure

  11. The Middle East in WWI

  12. The League of Nations Mandates • Goal: to guide the former colonies of Germany and Ottoman Empire toward modernization and independence • Reality: opened up Middle East for more foreign involvement

  13. “New” Countries & Ruling Families Emerge! • The House of Saud  newly-created Saudi Arabia. • monarchy • Islamic and Arab traditions • Laws based on Qu’ran • The Pahlavi Family  Persia  Iran. • Mustafa KemalAtaturknationalist movement in Turkey.

  14. Mustafa Kemal “Ataturk” (1881-1938) What change do you notice from the pictures?

  15. Ataturk’s Reform Program • Nationalism • Capital moved from Constantinople to Ankara. • Translate Qu’ran into Turkish • Secularism  republican constitution, non-religious courts • Modernization/westernization • Compulsory, secular education. • Banning the fez, adopt Western clothing. • Western [Roman] script. • Women • unveiled • given full citizenship and voting rights

  16. Egypt Toward Modernization • Suez Canal • Goal: cut the travel distance to the east by creating a pathway through Mediterranean and Red Seas • Egypt forced to sell shares • Leads to foreign involvement • Gains independence in 1922 but… • Britain still remains in control

  17. Oil Discovered! • First discovered in Persia in 1908. • the sheikh of Kuwait promises exclusive oil rights to the British. • Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, 1914. • In 1927, oil struck in Kirkuk, Iraq,

  18. Oil Becomes the New International“Coin of the Realm!” • American oil companies [Texaco & Chevron], gainoil concessions • 1929 Bahrain • 1933 Saudi Arabia.

  19. Similar to Turkish reforms Movement toward secular government Rapid modernization Westernization Iran Modernizes

  20. 1925, Rezah Khan declared himself SHAH of Iran • created Pahlavi Dynasty. • Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi • 1953 supports coup against leftist prime minister Mossadeq • CIA-sponsored • dictatorship, westernization • resented by Iranians • 1979 Revolution • Ayatollah Khomeini • Fundamentalism • Hostage crisis I R A N

  21. Origins of Arab-Israeli Conflict

  22. Division of Palestine after WWII made the Middle East a hotbed of competing nationalist movements Conflicts in the Middle East threaten the stability of the world today. Main Ideas

  23. Arabs Israelis • Traditionally Muslim • Egypt and Palestine have biggest issues • Different goals • Palestinians want homeland • Egyptians want to be most powerful country in Middle East. • Traditionally Jewish • Claimed Jewish land long before Arab settlement. • Zionism • Belief that Jews should have a homeland • Jewish nationalism Two Competing Groups

  24. Remember: Judaism originates in the Middle East Historic Jewish Kingdoms had been present in this area long before Arab settlement Why in the Middle East?

  25. Issues of Contention for palestinians

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