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COMP 323: Research Administration for Scientists

COMP 323: Research Administration for Scientists. Introduction and Overview History of Research Funding in US Overview of Federal Budget Process Overview of Federal Research Budget January 18, 2006. Email: quigg@cs.unc.edu. Web page: http://www.cs.unc.edu/~quigg/.

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COMP 323: Research Administration for Scientists

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  1. COMP 323: Research Administration for Scientists • Introduction and Overview • History of Research Funding in US • Overview of Federal Budget Process • Overview of Federal Research Budget • January 18, 2006

  2. Email: quigg@cs.unc.edu Web page: http://www.cs.unc.edu/~quigg/

  3. When did the federal government become involved in funding university research?

  4. History: External Support for University Research in U.S. • Before WWII • Mainly internal sources • Notable exception – Agriculture • Morrill Act of 1862: Land-Grant Colleges • 30,000 acres of federal land/congressional representative to each State

  5. History: External Support for University Research in U.S. • Sold to provide a perpetual endowment fund for: • “at least one college where the leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts…” • Kentucky (50¢/acre) – Cornell ($5.50/acre)

  6. History: External Support for University Research in U.S. • Second Morrill Act of 1890 • In order to get $, State had to show that race was not a criterion for admission to land-grant institution or • Designate a separate land-grant college for blacks • “1890 land-grants” created all over the then- segregated South

  7. History: External Support for University Research in U.S. • Hatch Act of 1887: Agriculture Experiment Station • Annual appropriation – State match required • Smith-Lever Act of 1914: Cooperative Extension Service • Annual appropriation – State match required

  8. History: External Support for University Research in U.S. • During WWII • University scientists mobilized to apply expertise to war effort • National Defense Research Council • Formed by FDR in June, 1940 • Forum for bringing university/industry/ government scientists together • 18 month “head-start” on Pearl Harbor

  9. History: External Support for University Research in U.S. • Office of Scientific Research and Defense (OSRD) • May 1941 • Dr. Vannevar Bush, Director • Mission “to explore a possible government role to encourage future scientific progress.” • Civilian, not military, control

  10. History: External Support for University Research in U.S. • OSRD contracted work to other institutions • Carnegie Institute of Technology – Large Rocket Lab • MIT – Radiation Lab • Western Electric and Bell Labs – Sound Amplification • Emphasis on concentrated, massive rapid development • Production from model to field e.g., Japanese torpedo jammer developed in one week

  11. History: External Support for University Research in U.S. • Three critical secret projects pivotal to allied victory in WWII • Atomic bomb (Manhattan project) • Radar • 1935 – NRL – ship radar • 1942 – MIT – high-frequency, narrow-beam, high-resolution • Manufactured by Sperry, Westinghouse, Philco (for aircraft)

  12. History: External Support for University Research in U.S. • Proximity (variable time) fuze • Prior to WWII – timed fuze or contact fuze • Neither effective against highly maneuverable airplanes • Section T – Applied Physics Lab at Johns Hopkins University assigned task of developing proximity fuze for Navy’s 5” guns

  13. History: External Support for University Research in U.S. • Theory • Fuze contains miniature radio transmitter-receiver • Sends out signal • When signal reflected back from target reaches a certain frequency (caused by proximity to target) a circuit closes firing a small charge which detonates projectile

  14. History: External Support for University Research in U.S. • Problems • Components – tiny glass vacuum tubes • Force of 20,000 g’s when fired (2800 ft./sec. muzzle velocity) • 25,000 revolutions/minute through rifling grooves • Moisture • Self-destruct feature for dudes

  15. History: External Support for University Research in U.S. • Importance to war effort • James V. Forrestal, Secretary of the Navy said, “The proximity fuze has helped me blaze the trail to Japan. Without the protection this ingenious device has given the surface ships of the fleet, our westward push could not have been so swift and the cost in men and ships would have been immeasurably greater” • Prime Minister, Winston S. Churchill was quoted with “These so- called proximity fuzes, made in the United States.., proved potent against the small unmanned aircraft (V-1) with which we were assailed in 1944.” • And Commanding General of the Third Army, George S. Patton said, “The funny fuze won the Battle of the Bulge for us. I think that when all armies get this shell we will have to devise some new method of warfare.”

  16. History: External Support for University Research in U.S. • Bush’s final report The Endless Frontier • Two principles for expanding R & D in U.S. Universities • Federal government as patron of science • Government support should ensure a free rein of investigation by scientists into topics and methods of their choice

  17. History: External Support for University Research in U.S. • This report lead to the establishment of National Science Foundation (NSF) in 1950 • Independent government agency • National Science Board • 24 members plus director • Appointed by President

  18. Overview of Federal Budget Process

  19. Executive Office of the President (EXOP) White House Office Office of Management & Budget (OMB) Office of the Vice President (OVP) President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB) US Trade Representative (USTR) Office of Policy Development (OPD) National Security Council (NSC) Office of Administration (OA) Council of Economic Advisors (CEA) Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) Primarily career staff Council of Environmental Quality (CEQ) Office of Science & Technology Policy (OSTP) Political Mix of detailees, career, political

  20. White House Department of Energy OMB Science Fossil Energy NNSA Congress Senate House Approps Approps The Budget Process

  21. White House Department of Energy OMB Science Fossil Energy NNSA The Budget Process Guidance

  22. Department of Energy Science Fossil Energy NNSA The Budget Process

  23. White House Department of Energy OMB Science Fossil Energy NNSA The Budget Process Budget Request

  24. White House Department of Energy OMB Science Fossil Energy NNSA The Budget Process Passback Budget Request

  25. White House Department of Energy OMB Science Fossil Energy NNSA The Budget Process Appeal Passback Budget Request

  26. White House Department of Energy OMB Science Fossil Energy NNSA Congress Senate House Approps Approps The Budget Process President’s Budget Request

  27. White House Department of Energy OMB Science Fossil Energy NNSA Congress Senate House Approps Approps The Budget Process • Budget Resolution • 302(b) Allocation • Subcommittee Markup • Committee Markup • Floor Vote • Conference

  28. White House Department of Energy OMB Science Fossil Energy NNSA Congress Senate House Approps Approps The Budget Process SAPs Hearings • Budget Resolution • 302(b) Allocation • Subcommittee Markup • Committee Markup • Floor Vote • Conference

  29. White House Department of Energy OMB Science Fossil Energy NNSA Congress Senate House Approps Approps The Budget Process Bills

  30. White House Department of Energy OMB Science Fossil Energy NNSA Congress Senate House Approps Approps The Budget Process Apportionment $

  31. FY 1999 FY 2000 FY 2001 The DOE/SC Budget Cycle

  32. Overview of Federal Budget

  33. Government Spending as a Share of GDP, 2000

  34. Outlays as a Percent of GDP Between 1966 and 1999, spending on Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid, and interest as a percentage of GDP grew, while spending on defense fell.

  35. Total Government Surplus or Deficit as a Percent of GDP

  36. The National Debt Is $8.1 Trillion!

  37. U.S. NATIONALDEBTCLOCK The Outstanding Public Debt as of 17 Jan 2006 at 06:35:53 PM GMT is: The estimated population of the United States is 298,275,804so each citizen's share of this debt is $27,431.22.

  38. Composition of Federal Revenues

  39. The Federal Government Dollar--Where It Goes

  40. 30% Energy 25% Space 20% 15% Average Annual Increases All 10% Defense Others Health 5% All All All Others Others Others 0% -5% 1962 - 1968 1973 - 1979 1979 - 1985 1995 - 2001 Source: National Science Foundation Historical R&D Priorities(obligations, in 1996 constant dollars)

  41. FY 2002 Proposed R&D Budget ($98 Billion BA*) *Total includes additions resulting from Defense Budget Amendment

  42. 05p2

  43. actrnd03

  44. aclifp03

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