Southern Reconstruction

1. Southern Reconstruction

2. SS8H6:Analyze the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on Georgia. • Analyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia and other southern states, emphasizing: • Freedmen’s Bureau • Sharecropping • Tenant farming • Reconstruction plans • 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the constitution • Henry McNeal Turner and black legislators • Ku Klux Klan

3. Civil War was by far the deadliest in American history (still is today)

4. Problemsafter the Civil War

5. LAND • Had to sell land to get cash. • Needed cash to pay taxes and buy equipment, livestock, seed, fertilizer, and labor to rebuild. • Sold land for a fraction of the cost. • More small farms. • Blacks and whites became landowners.

6. LABOR • Shortage of workers. • Many white males had been killed or disabled during war. • After the war, many moved. • Loss of large pool of slave labor. • New work arrangement needed to be made between blacks and whites.

7. CAPITAL • Money that had been tied up in slaves was lost. • Remaining capital in the form of Confederate money and bonds was worthless. • Very few farmers had money. • The only way they could get money was to borrow it, but many Georgia banks had collapsed.

8. The Georgia in which the War-Weary Confederate Soldiers Returned Was Not as They Had Left It...

9. What the men came home to in Georgia at the end of the war: • farms were in ruins • homes, railways, bridges,roads were destroyed or in need of repair • not enough food • banks were closed – Confederate money was worthless • the state owed $20,000,000 in war debt • 25,000 Georgians had died of wounds or disease – many more were crippled and could not work

10. sharecropping An agricultural system common after the Civil War where landless farmers worked the land of a landowner who also supplied a house, farming tools, and animals, seed, and fertilizer in return for a share of the harvest

11. Tenant Farming vs. Sharecropping

12. THREE PLANS FOR RECONSTRUCTION LINCOLN PROPOSED HIS PLAN IN 1863 RADICAL REPUBLICANS IN CONGRESS PROPOSED THEIR PLAN JOHNSON PROPOSED HIS PLAN AFTER LINCOLN WAS ASSASSINATED AND HE BECAME PRESIDENT

13. Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction Sometimes called the “10% Plan”

14. Lincoln’s Plan • wanted to rebuild & return south to Union ASAP • “Reconstruction” would have two parts: • Southerners would be pardoned after taking an oath of allegiance; • When 10% of voters had taken the oath, the state could rejoin the Union and form a state government. • Plan was challenged: “Radical Republicans” • Confederate President Jefferson Davis was captured and imprisoned.

15. Radical Republicans *Wanted to punish the Confederate states * They wanted to make sure the freedmen retained their new rights. *Passed the Wade-Davis bill: military leaders would govern the Confederate states until they were allowed to return to the Union

16. The Freedmen • Millions of slaves were freed as a result of the war • Problems of freedmen: • Homeless, hungry, Uneducated, • free for the 1st time • no property or goods • Many former slaves feared re-enslavement • Most whites had difficulty treating freeman as free persons

17. FREEDMEN’S BUREAU ACT, 1865 Designed by the Radical Republicans Signed into Law by Lincoln An agency that protected the legal rights of freed blacks.

18. The Freedmen’s Bureau • Started as the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Landsby U.S. government in Act – 1865 • Its job was to help freed slaves and poor whites with basic needs of food, clothing, and shelter • The purpose shifted to education • Set up 4,000 primary schools • Started industrial schools for jobs training • Started teacher-training schools • Missionaries started schools like Atlanta University, Morehouse College, and Clark College

19. Freedmen’s Bureau As Seen Through Southern Eyes Plenty to eat and nothing to do...

20. Freedmen’s Bureau School

21. RADICAL REPUBLICANS PASSED LEGISLATION WITH LINCOLN’S APPROVAL 13th AMENDMENT, 1865 Neither Slavery Nor Involuntary Servitude, Except As A Punishment For Crime Whereof The Party Shall Have Been Duly Convicted, Shall Exist Within The United States, Or Any Place Subject To Their Jurisdiction. Makes Slavery Illegal

22. PRESIDENT LINCOLN ASSASSINATED APRIL 14, 1865 MURDERED BY JOHN WILKES BOOTH, A LOYAL CONFEDERATE SOUTHERNER WHO BELIEVED THAT HE WAS AVENGING THE SOUTH WHEN HE ASSASSINATED THE PRESIDENT

23. Lincoln was the first United States president to be assassinated The nation was in a state of shock

24. Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction As a native Southerner, President Johnson showed some traditionally southern views and did not promote equal right for the freedmen or involve freedmen in the Reconstruction process.

25. Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan • In addition to Lincoln’s requirements, President Johnson added a few more. Southern states had to: • approve (ratify) the 13th Amendment (outlawing slavery); • nullify their ordinances of secession; • promise not to repay money borrowed during the war.

26. Reconstruction Plans(Use your notes, p.300-301, 303-304)

27. President Johnson appointed James Johnson as Georgia’s provisional Governor.

28. Constitutional Convention of 1865 • Governor Johnson held a Constitutional Convention. 1) Repealed the ordinance of secession 2) Voted to abolish slavery 3) Wrote a new constitution • Elections were held in November 1865 for a new legislature. • The General Assembly voted to extend rights to freedmen.

29. BLACK CODES BECAUSE OF JOHNSON’S SOFT APPROACH TO RECONSTRUCTION, SOUTHERN STATES PASSED LAWS DESIGNED TO UNDERMINE AFRICAN AMERICAN’S RIGHTS. MANY FORMER CONFEDERATE OFFICIALS WERE ELECTED TO STATE GOVERNMENT POSITIONS AND PASSED A SERIES OF LAWS KNOWN AS THE BLACK CODES.

30. Black Codes • Black Codes were laws passed to keep freedmen from having the same rights as whites. • Didn’t allow blacks: the same jobs as whites, the right to vote, the right to marry a white person, jury service, or the right to testify. • Blacks could be: whipped as punishment, forced to work from sunrise to sunset six days per week, or put in jail if they didn’t have a job.

31. Congressional Reconstruction • Congress required southern states to ratify the 14th Amendment. • Georgia and most of the other southern states refused. • Congress abolished these states’ governments and put them under military rule.

32. 14th Amendment Granted citizenship to freedmen and required “equal protection under the law.” All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

33. MAP OF 5 MILITARY DISTRICTS

34. Georgia was ruled by General John Pope. Pope was required to register all male voters – black and white. These voters would elect new representatives to form a new state government.

35. Constitutional Convention of 1867 • Georgia male voters elected delegates to the convention to create a new state constitution. • Delegates = carpetbaggers, scalawags, and blacks. • Accomplishments of the Convention: • A new constitution ensuring civil rights for all citizens; • Free public education for all children; • Women were allowed to control their own property. • Georgia had satisfied Congress, so General Pope and his troops left the state.

36. Constitutional Convention of 1867 • Georgia male voters elected delegates to the convention to create a new state constitution.

37. African Americans in Politics • The election of 1867 was the first time African Americans had voted. • 1868 – 29 African Americans elected into the GA House and 3 into the GA General Assembly • Rev. Henry McNeal Turner was one of the first black men elected in Georgia. • The African Americans elected to the General Assembly were expelled in Sept. 1868. • It was argued by whites that civil rights laws gave blacks the right to vote but not to be elected.

38. Ku Klux Klan • Secret organization started as a social club for soldiers returning from war (1866) • (Tenn & Indiana) • Wanted to restore the Democratic Party’s control in the state. • Members hid behind robes & masks and terrorized blacks to keep them from voting. • Disbanded in 1869 • Force Act in 1870 and the Ku Klux Act in 1871 • suspend the writ of habeas corpus, suppress disturbances by force, and impose heavy penalties upon terrorist organizations such as the Klan.

39. KKK • As a result, Congress passed “The Georgia Act” and sent troops back to Georgia. • The act required Georgia to pass the 15th Amendment giving all males the right to vote.

40. SS8H7 • The student will evaluate key political, social, and economic changes that occurred in Georgia between 1877 and 1918. • a. Evaluate the impact the Bourbon Triumvirate, Henry Grady, International Cotton Exposition, Tom Watson and the • Populists, Rebecca Latimer Felton, the 1906 Atlanta Riot, the Leo Frank Case, and the county unit system had on • Georgia during this period. • b. Analyze how rights were denied to African-Americans through Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson, disenfranchisement, • and racial violence. • c. Explain the roles of Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. DuBois, John and Lugenia Burns Hope, and Alonzo Herndon.

41. Economic Reconstruction • Without slaves, landowners needed laborers to work their large farms. • Two systems emerged: tenant farming and sharecropping. • Cotton was Georgia’s most important crop. • Continuous growing of tobacco and cotton ruined the soil on many farms. • Railroads expanded across the state. • Savannah and Brunswick became important shipping ports. • Atlanta began its growth into an important business center.

42. The End of Reconstruction • January 1870 – (By order of the GA Supreme Court )General Assembly reseated all African American representatives expelled in 1868, • Approved the 14th and 15th amendments • July 1870 – Georgia was readmitted to the Union • December 1870 – Democrats regained control of both houses of General Assembly.

43. The Bourbon Triumvirate Powerful Democratic leaders • John B. Gordon • Son of a minister • Upson Co • Newspaper • Coal mine • War vet (Civil War) • Author • US Senator • RR • Gov (2 terms) • Gordon College

44. The Bourbon TriumviratePowerful Democratic leaders • Alfred H. Colquitt • Walton Co • War vet (Civil War) • GA Secession convention • Gov.(2 terms) – (Scandal) • US Senate

45. The Bourbon TriumviratePowerful Democratic leaders • Joseph Brown • Oldest member • SC/North GA (union) • lawyer – judge • Gov (4 terms) • Chief Justice • RR • Senator • UGA trustee • Pres. Atlanta BOE

46. The Bourbon Triumvirate • Their goals were: • expand Georgia’s economy and ties with industries in the North; • maintain the tradition of white supremacy. Contributions: lowered taxes, reduced debt, expanded industry

47. Decline of the Bourbon Triumvirate • “Independent Democrats” criticized the Bourbons for not attending to the needs of the poor or improve education and working conditions in factories. • Leaders William and Rebecca Felton worked to improve conditions for poor Georgians using newspapers to highlight problems in the state. • The convict lease system “rented” prisoners to companies to use as workers. It took many years for the poor conditions the prisoners endured to be brought to light and changed.

48. Rebecca Latimer Felton She was the 1st women in the Senate. She also fought for women’s right, temperance, the treatment of convicts, as well as, becoming a writer for the Atlanta Journal. The Feltons were members of Populist Party. Populist is someone who supports the rights and interests of ordinary people. Attacked the Bourbons and eventually ended their influence.

49. Henry Grady • Used his writing and speaking skills to lead a new movement that would bring BIG changes to GA. • Many of his articles and speeches stated that the South could compete economically with the North. • Most famous speech was given in New York City and called The New South. • Editor of the Atlanta Constitution • Wanted to improve race relations, improve farming techniques, develop and depend more on industries. • Worked with Antebellum politician Benjamin Hill

50. Henry Grady’s Legacy Georgia Institute of Technology Unity between the North and the South Grady County, Georgia Northern investment in Southern industry Supported anti-liquor laws, the construction of libraries, and more care for Confederate veterans Cotton Expositions Grady Hospital