Unit 1 Review

1. Unit 1 Review

2. Political Views • Jefferson- Democratic Republican (developed from Anti-Federalists)- • believed that the states should have more powerful than the national government (compact theory) • Hamilton –Federalist • believed in a strong national government • believed in a national bank • Believed that some debt was good for the country because it united them and forced other countries to be concerned with their survival

3. John Marshall’s Supreme Court • Series of supreme court cases heard by Federalist judge John Marshall • Asserted the power of the national government over the states • Set many precedents for the new government • Marbury v Madison- Judicial Review • McCulloch v Maryland- states can’t overpower national government (bank was ok as an implied power)

4. Compromises that created the Constitution • Connecticut Compromise- compromised between the fight over representation in congress- called for 2 houses, 1 based on population and 1 with equal representation • 3/5 compromise- slaves would be counted as 3/5 of a person • Electoral college- compromise between popular vote and having congress pick the president • Slave trade and commerce compromise- congress could tax imports, not exports, and they could not outlaw the slave trade for 20 years

5. Constitutional Convention • Took place in 1787 • Originally designed to fix the Articles of Confederation

6. Jefferson’s reaction to British and French actions towards American ships • Britain and France were at war • US declare their neutrality and wanted to keep trading with both countries • Both countries began attacked our ships and impressing our sailors when we were trading with the opposite country • Jefferson issues the Embargo

7. Embargo of 1807 • See the previous slide for the background infomration • Hurts American trade more than British and French • Is later repealed by Macon’s Bill 2- US would trade with whoever would stop restricting US trade • France agrees and that draws the US into the War of 1812 against Britain

8. Election of 1800 • Jefferson – Democratic Republican- 73 EV • Burr-Democratic Republican -73 EV • Adams-Federalist-65 EV • Pickney-Federalist-64 EV • Jay- Federalist-1 EV • No candidate receives a majority of electoral votes so the election is decided in the House of Representatives • The house chooses Jefferson as lesser of 2 evils • Jefferson declares a revolution • 1st peaceful shift of power • 12th amendment is passed as a result- now Presidents and Vice Presidents run together

9. Federalist Papers • Written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton • Written to persuade NY and VA to ratify the Constitution

10. Native Americans during the War of 1812 • Sided with the British because they feared American expansion to the west

11. Support of the war of 1812 • “War Hawks” – mostly in the West and South

12. Jay’s Treaty • Signed in 1794 • British would remove their forts in the West • British American debts from the war would be sent to arbitration • Strengthened American trade with Brittan

13. Shay’s Rebellion • Rebellion in 1786 and 1787 led by poor farmerswho were protesting the large debt and taxes they were facing • They followed the spirit of the revolution • This rebellion was the leading reason why they decided to rewrite the Articles of Confederation

14. Era of Good Feelings • Name given to the time period of approximately 1816-1824 • During this time there was only 1 political party • No party politics!

15. Monroe Doctrine 1823 • Said that European countries could not establish new colonies in the western hemisphere • Guided US foreign policy for almost 100 years • Was issued because European countries were controlled by powerful governments that wanted to conquer land

16. Election of 1824 • Adams 84 EV • Jackson 99 EV • Crawford 41 EV • Clay 37 EV • Jackson had more electoral and popular votes than the other candidates but he didn’t reach the magic number (131) • Election goes to the house where the Speaker of the House Henry Clay makes sure that Adams is chosen • Adams will then appoint Clay as Secretary of State • This becomes known as the corrupt bargain

17. Election of 1828 • Jackson easily defeats Adams • This is the start of Jackson’s 1st term • Election of 1832 • Jackson easily beats Clay (National Republican) • Clay had tried to make the bank an election issue

18. Specie Circular • Law that required that all Western lands be purchased with Specie (hard metallic money) • One of the causes of the Panic of 1837

19. Panic of 1837 • Financial crisis caused mostly by Jackon’s action such as depleting the bank and issuing the Specie circular • Van Buren will inherit this problem and it will make his presidency difficult

20. Texas • Mexico gains independence from Spain • Americans start moving to Texas with the agreement that there would be no slavery and they would be catholic • They don’t follow these rules • Tensions grow and Texas gains its independence from Mexico • Jackson and Van Buren are hesitant to take actions towards Texas because of the slavery issue

21. Whig Party • Formed in reaction to Jackson’s presidency • Wanted a stronger national government • Favored the power of Congress over the president • Wanted a national bank • Wanted government funding for internal improvements (Harrison- 1st Whig president)

22. Election of 1840 • William Henry Harrison –Whig 234 EV • Martin Van Buren – Democrat 60 EV • Van Buren’s presidency was plauged by the panic of 1837 • Van Buren was portrayed as a rich man who didn’t understand the problems of the poor • Harrison was portrayed as poor man who did understand the problems

23. Changes in the economy in the 1820’s • The North becomes more industrialized (wealthy) • The South becomes more dependent on cotton production (a few wealthy plantation owners) • This divides the country by sections • This slide also address the socio-economic differences by region

24. Religious revivals in the mid 1800s • 2nd Great Awakening • Religious renewal • Results in more denominational diversity • Religious groups split over the issue of slavery

25. Transportation Revolution • Changes in transportation start to change the country • Helps commerce • Canals, turnpikes, steamships, etc

26. Seneca Falls Convention • Official start of Women’s Rights Movement • Led by Dix, Anthony, Stanton, Grimke • Created the Declaration of Sentiments which said that all men and women were created equal

27. Transcendentalism • Belief in an “inner light” brings revelation instead of the formal doctrine of established religions • Non-conformists who did not follow society • Henry David Thoreau-Civil Disobedience • Ralph Waldo Emerson –Walden Pond

28. Utopian Socialism • Belief in a perfect society • Belief that every person should work and contribute to society in a equal way

29. Reform Movements • Women’s Movement- rights for women • Abolitionist movement- abolish slavery • 2nd Great Awakening • Utopian movments

30. Medical Profession • Still not very advanced