Final Exam Review

1. Final Exam Review Semester 2

2. TEST COVERS the following units: • Russian Revolution • Age of Anxiety • World War II • Gandhi • Cold War • Middle East/Current Events

3. Russian Revolution Lenin builds an Empire 1917-1924

4. Russian Revolution

5. Road to Revolution Russo-Japanese War (1904) Nicholas II (Rules 1894-1917) Poor Performance Bloody Sunday (1905) World War I (1914) Duma Established 1906 Unprepared Dissolves Duma

6. Russia During World War I • Moralevery low • Soldiers deserting the Army • Economy is very weak • High prices, shortages, etc… • Bolsheviks demanding change at home • Nicholas II headquarters at front in WWI

7. Bolsheviks • Russian Marxist group that wanted reform • Leader: Vladimir Lenin • Fled Russia in early 1900’s to avoid arrest

8. TIMELINE Lenin takes power in 1917 Signs treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918 Russia falls into Civil War 1918-20 15 million people die! (war, famine, disease) Economy destroyed!

9. Communism: Theory vs Reality Karl Marx Wrote Communist Manifesto [1848] Predicted the collapse of capitalism

10. Stalin Wrap-Up • Rules until his death in 1953 • USSR becomes much stronger military • Majority of Russians live in poverty • Totalitarian Government which rules by fear • Fights with USA in World War II • After WWII, USSR becomes enemy of USA • Cold war starts 1945-1990

11. Age of Anxiety 1919-1939

12. Early 20th Century: The world experiments with NEW ways to govern society. Democracy & Capitalism Totalitarianism Socialism Nazism Fascism Communism

13. ISM’s of the 20th Century • Socialism • Totalitarianism • Fascism • Nazism • Communism End of World War I leads to the rise of Totalitarian Ideologies

15. Around the World Results of Great Depression • European countries were just beginning to recover from World War I • The U.S. economy hurt the GLOBAL economy. • Japanese Economy begins to suffer • Helps Hitler assume power in Germany

16. Hitler’s Dance • 1935-- Rearmament begins in Germany • 1936-- Moves into the Rhineland • 1938 -- Seize Austria & demands Sudetenland • 1938-- Munich Conference

17. Nonaggression Pact Hitler & Stalin’s • 1939 10-year pact signed • Secretly agree to divide Poland • other countries promised to Stalin • Hitler was assured there would be no attack from the east. (USSR)

18. Appeasement

19. World War II 1939-1945

20. World War II Battle of Stalingrad & Operation Torch Battle of Britain Pearl Harbor Poland Invasion D-Day <-------------------------------------------------> 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Invasion Soviet Union France Falls Battle of Midway Germany Surrenders

21. 3-Theatres of War: European, African & Pacific

22. Two Front War • U.S. & Great Britain concentrate on Southern Europe & Northern Africa • Soviet Union fight on its “own” against Germany on eastern front • U.S. will continue fight against Japan

23. Hitler’s Plan • Step 1:Immigration: tried to “export” Jews to other countries • Britain 80,000 U.S. 100,000 France 25,000 • Latin America 40,000 • Step 2:Ghettos: Hitler turned to isolation as immigration proved limited • Step 3: Final Solution- moved Jews to concentration camps and began mass killings

24. The Final Numbers • 6,000,000 Jewish deaths • Original Population Killed • Poland 3,300,000 3,000,000 • Soviet Union 2,850,000 1,252,000 • Hungary 650,000 450,000 • Romania 600,000 300,000 • Germany 240,000 200,000

25. Can we Learn From History? Goal: Long lasting Peace To do list: Countries need new Borders New Governments New League of Nations Countries need to be rebuilt Trials for “War Crimes” for Nazi Leaders

26. Communist Triumph in China Civil War leads to Communism 1920-1950

27. China Summary • Chinese society was based on tradition • Western influence was forced and came late to China • Opium War of 1839 changes China • China fall into civil war 1900-1950 as Qing dynasty collapses

28. 1946-49 Civil War 1950-1958 Mao’s Communism 1958-61 “The Great Leap” Mao loses power 1966-76 Cultural Revolution

29. Communist China Summary • Economic failure • Few advances in technology & industry • Today, China is finally starting to “catch up” with industrialized countries • China is using Capitalism to get their economy to grow today

30. Mohandas Gandhi Indian Independence

31. Before Gandhi: India Summary • A history of being ruled by “outsiders” • Strong religious tension between dominantHindu population and Muslims • Did not truly push for independence until after World War I • Amritsar Massacre was the turningpoint in independence movement

32. Gandhi’s Influence • 1920 Indian National Congressendorsescivil disobedience (non-violence) as means to achieve independence • 1924 Gandhi assume the Presidency of the Indian National Congress • Gandhi neverOFFICIALLY held political office!

33. Mahatma in India • 1919 Protested Rowlett Acts • 1922 Ended campaign after riots • 1930 Led salt march • 1932 Fasted to protest caste system • 1947 Fasted to end violence • 1948 Assassinated by Hindu extremist

34. The Cold War Expands1946-1949

35. IRON CURTAIN

36. American Foreign Policy Containment Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan

37. 1) Containment and Brinkmanship 1945-69 2) Détente 1970’s 3) Renewed Arms Race 1980’s 4)Collapse of Soviet Union 1990

39. Conflicts of Cold War 1945-46: Iron Curtain 1948: Berlin Airlift 1949: Soviets test Nuclear Bomb 1950-53: Korean War 1960-73: Vietnam War 1959: Cuban Communist Revolution 1960: U-2 Incident 1961: Berlin Wall Built 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis

40. Some Factors in the collapse of Soviet Union • Overall, very poor economy • Flawed economic system (communism) • Could not compete with USA in the Arms Race • Invasion of Afghanistan caused financial hardship • Rebellions in Iron Curtain Countries & Soviet Republics • Falling oil prices in 1980’s drastically lowered income

41. Middle East & Current Events

42. 9/11th raises tension in the Middle East

43. Immigration to Palestine • The Balfour Declaration (1917) started large scale immigration to Palestine • British LIMIT size of Jewish immigration • Palestinians feared being outnumbered • Promised to not infringe rights of non-Jewish population

44. Arab States & Partition • Arab states immediately oppose partition • Islamic countries all voted against the U.N. partition • May 14th 1948Israel is officially formed • The surrounding Arab states refuse to recognize Israel

45. Arab-Israeli Wars • 1st War in 1948, followed by • 1956 Suez Crisis • 1967 Six-Day War • 1973 War

46. Saudi Arabia Government: Monarchy Established: 1932 Population: 23 Million Oil: Accounts for 75% of economic revenue Relation to USA: Friendly---based on Oil supplies & U.S. military bases in country Current Leader: King Abdullah

47. Challenges for Saudi Arabia • Current Challenges: • Islamic extremist groups within country • Country has faced terrorist attacks • Many fear future social revolution (government overthrow) • Government is socially repressive • Women do not have equal rights • Judicial system gives no rights to the “accused” • Monarchy is slowly increasing personal freedom • Goal: to avoid future overthrow

48. IRAQ • Saddam Hussein leader 1979-2003 • Sunni, ruled as harsh dictator • US invasion overthrew him in 2003 • Democratic Government Formed • Shi’a majority Government • Current Prime Minister: Nouri al-Maliki • Shi’a

49. IRAQ Challenges • Country remains unstable • Security is especially poor in Baghdad • Extreme tension between 3 Primary groups: Shi’a, Sunnis & Kurds • Some extremists do not want Democracy • Country wide civil war is possible • U.S. troops are unlikely to remain in Iraq for an extended period • Current Government must limit the violence to remain in power

50. Iran • Current Government: established in 1979 after Iranian Revolution • Complex Government: Islamic Republic • President is “elected” however: • Religious leader “Ayatollah” has most power President: Mahmoud Ahmadinejad • Other Information: • Iranians are not Arabs (Persians) • Currently developing Nuclear Technology • US & Europe are attempting to find diplomatic solution Spiritual Leader: Ayatollah Khamenei