Topic ten

1. Topic ten Company Accounts

2. Introduction • Topic 9 we learnt how to account for partnerships • In this topic we shall learn; • Accounting for a company’s share capital, • Debentures • Drawing a profit and loss appropriation account • Presentation of a company’s balance sheet

3. Learning outcomes This topic is intended to help you to; • Differentiate between private and public limited liability companies • Account for share capital in limited liability companies • Describe debentures as a source of capital

4. Learning outcomes • Account for debentures • Draw a profit and loss appropriation account • Draw a balance sheet for a limited liability company

5. Private and public limited liability companies The following is a summary of differences between private and public limited liability companies

6. Accounting for share capital • Is the shareholders stake in the company • Represents their claim on assets • Since companies are limited, is the maximum amount shareholders would lose if the company becomes insolvent. • Share capital could be fully or partially paid • Amount per share disclosed in the balance sheet is the par value of the share • If shares are issued at a price above par, the difference is regarded as paid-in capital in excess of par.

7. Accounting for share capital • Illustration Beverages Services Limited sold 10,000,000 shares to the public on 1 January 2011 at $5 per share. The Par value of each share was $3. Determine the increase in share capital and show how this will be reported in the company’s balance sheet.

8. Accounting for share capital Beverages Services Limited Balance sheet (Extract) As at 31 January 2011 Amount ($) Share capital (10,000,000 *$3) 30,000,000 Capital contribution in excess of par 20,000,000 Total capital 50,000,000

9. Accounting for share capital • In some legislation, a company can repurchase its shares. • Repurchased shares are referred to as treasury stocks • Treasury stocks are reported as a reduction in equity • Capital could also be raised from preference stocks. • Preference stocks attract a fixed rate of dividend • Preference stocks are long term liabilitiys

10. Debentures • Long term borrowing instrument • Could be issued at a discount or premium • Is issued at a discount, discount is a long term liability • If issued at a premium, premium is a long term assets • Discount is amortized over the period of the debt See next slide for an illustration

11. Issue of a debenture and redemption at par • If the redemption value equals the amount received for the debenture, the following entries are passed. On issue:- Dr Bank XXX Cr Debenture XXX Being issuance of debenture On redemption:- Dr Bank XX Cr Debenture XX Being redemption of debentures

12. Issue of a debenture at discount and redemption at par On issue:- Dr Bank XX Dr Discount on debenture issue XX Cr Debenture XX Amortization of discount on issue:- Dr P&L A/C XX Cr Discount on debenture issue XX Discount amortization is done over the debenture period On redemption:- Dr Debenture XX Cr Bank XX

13. Issue at premium and redemption at par On issue:- Dr Bank XX Cr Debenture XX Cr Premium on debenture issue XX To amortize the premium on issue Dr Premium on debenture issue XX Cr P&L XX Premium should also be amortized over the period of the debenture.

14. Profit and appropriation account • The account summarizes changes in shareholders’ funds • Its different from the partners’ account • Profits from the business are credited to this account • Dividends are debits to the account • Transfers to other reserves such as general reserve are debited to the account • Transfer from other reserves are credit to this account See next slide for an illustration

15. Profit and loss appropriation account Halima Superior Stores Company Limited Profit and Loss appropriation Account For the period ended 31 December 2010 Debit Credit Amount ($) Amount ($) Balance brought forward XX Add: Net profit for the year XX Transfer from general reserve XX XX Less: Transfer to general reserve XX Dividends proposed XX(XX) Balance carried down XX

16. Profit and loss appropriation account • Credit balance carried down is the retained profit figure in the balance sheet • Retained profits are part of equity capital • Represents amounts kept aside to finance future growth • Debit balance in the account indicate that the company is in historical losses • Companies with negative balances in retained earnings indicate poor financial position

17. Balance sheet • Is similar to balance sheet of other organisations • Separation made between current and long term assets and liabilities • Revisit what we learnt in topic 3 on preparation of financial statements

18. Balance sheet • Useful tips; • Preference share capital is not part of shareholders funds, but a long term liability • Proposed dividends are part of shareholders funds and not current liabilities • Debentures should be classified according to their maturity profiles, with short term and long term portion separate

19. Balance sheet • Discount/premium on issue of debentures should be amortized over the period of the debenture. • The amortization relating to the next 12 months should be disclosed either as a current liability in case of a discount, or a current asset in case of a premium

20. Conclusion / summary • What have we learnt in this topic • There are a number of differences between private and public limited liability companies • There are two types of share capital, ordinary share capital and contribution in excess of par (share premium) • Treasury stocks are shares repurchased by a company from the market • Capital could be sourced from preference share capital, a long term liability

21. Conclusion/summary • Debentures are sources of long term finance • Have both a short term and long term portion • Debenture issue at a discount yields a liability • Debenture issue at a premium yield an asset • Classification of items into either current or long term is the subject of International Accounting Standards (IAS’s) • In our final topic, we shall learn more about IAS’s.

22. Questions