Artificial Intelligence Chapter 1 - Part 2

1. Artificial IntelligenceChapter 1 - Part 2 Artificial Intelligence (605451) Dr.Hassan Al-Tarawneh

2. What is Artificial Intelligence? • Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science devoted to creating computer software and hardware to attempt to mimic human intelligence or human intelligent behaviour

3. What is Intelligent Behavior? • Learn from experience • Respond flexibly in situation that are • New or not anticipated • Ambiguous (not clearly defined) • Specified by contradictory information • Apply ‘learnt’ or ‘programmed’ knowledge to solve problems • Use reasoning in solving problem • Understand and infer facts and rules • Recognize the relative importance of different elements in a situation

4. What is AI concerned with? • Mainly AI is concerned with two basic ideas: • It involves studying the thought processes of humans to understand what intelligence is. • It deals with representing thought processes using computers to create artificially intelligent entities for testing the theories of intelligence.

5. Some Definition of AI • AI is a term that compasses many definitions: • “The goal of work in AI is to build machines that performs tasks normally requiring human intelligence” – N. Nilsson • “The goals of AI research is to construct computer programs which exhibit behaviors that we call intelligent behavior when we observe it in human beings – E. Feigenbaum & J. Feldman • “AI is the science of making computers smart. It is practiced both by those who want to make computers more useful and by those who want to understand the nature of intelligence” – Patrick H. Winston

6. Some Definition of AI • “AI is the ability of machines to do things that people would require intelligence. • AI research is an attempt to discover and describe aspects of human intelligence that can be simulated by machines. • Alternatively, AI research may be viewed as an attempt to develop an mathematical theory to describe the abilities and actions of things (natural or man-made) exhibiting ‘intelligent’ behavior and server as a calculus for the design of intelligent machines“ – Philip C. Jackson

7. Artificial Intelligence vs Natural Intelligence

8. Natural Intelligence vs Artificial Intelligence

9. Comparing Humans and Computers • Computer are good at • Processing large amount of data • Storing (permanently) and retrieve large amount of data • Working at extremely fast speeds • Doing extensive arithmetic calculation with great accuracy • Working for long periods without fatigue

10. Comparing Humans and Computers • Humans are good at • Recognizing various things, either seen before or not • Recognizing the relationship patterns between things • Thinking – common sense reasoning • Combining all types of sensory inputs • Acting appropriately in novel situations • Learning new things and changing behavior patterns • Making decisions even when given incomplete information • Working with noisy, incomplete or ambiguous information

11. Comparing Humans and Computers • The tasks humans do naturally however are extremely difficult for a computer program to accomplish • If computers are to be termed as intelligent, they must be able to do the same kind of task as humans do naturally

12. AI in Practice • AI is an combination of many different sciences and technologies: • Electrical Engineering • Image processing • Speech processing • Pattern recognition • Robotics • Machine learning • Neural networks • Optimization • Scheduling • Management • Management information system • Decision making • Linguistics • Computational linguistics • Phycholinguistics • Socio - linguistics • Phychology • Cognitive science • Phycholinguistics • Philosophy • Logic • Philosophy of mind • Philosophy of language

13. AI in Practice • AI provides the framework and methodology for several growing commercial technologies • Expert System • Computerized advisory and/or decision making systems that attempt to imitate the reasoning process and knowledge of experts in solving domain-specific problems • Natural Language Processing • Natural language technology attempts to give computer users the ability to communicate with computer in natural language. Also deals with understanding textual language for various applications • Speech recognition • The recognition of spoken language by a computer – breaking up of speech into meaningful units, i.e. words

14. AI in Practice • Robotics and Sensory Systems • Combining robots having mechanical motions with sensory system to produce machines of varying intelligence and abilities. Here a robot senses its environment and modifies its behavior on the basis of the information gained. • Computer vision and scene recognition • To understand digitized visual information received from a sensor and then making a decision – interpreting a visual scene • Intelligent Computer-Aides Instruction • To develop machines that can tutor humans in the interactive manner. Such systems have a vast knowledge base and are used for teaching problems solving skills, simulations, discovery and learning, drill and proactive and so on.

15. AI in Practice • Game playing • To develop intelligent programs that can play games such as chess • Neural network • Systems that attempt to mimic the neural structure of the human brain. Information processing is carried out in a manner close to that of the human brain • Intelligent Databases – data mining • Intelligently managing large databases, facilitating the furnishing of complex queries and automatically gleaning hidden information from databases – data mining

16. AI in Practice • Exemplar Systems • Language translation systems • Speech to text system • Air traffic control systems • Automates personal systems • Supervisory systems • Intelligent highways – traffic monitoring • Robots for hazardous conditions • Expert system for law, medicine • Neural network based forecasting – finance, stocks, medicine • Executive summary producing systems • Automatic programming • Summarizing news from papers • Intelligent design – architecture, mechanical and electrical systems • Chess playing systems – deep blue • Medical diagnostic systems

17. AI in Practice • AI is a subject of scientific investigation, with the following working practices : • Researchers construct theories about what AI programs are capable of and test them with mathematical analysis or experiments • This may involve decision making and problem solving using symbolic processing. A symbol is a string of characters that stands for some real-world concept