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Science 10 – Biochem Last time we focused on Vocab, this time on function within the system

Science 10 – Biochem Last time we focused on Vocab, this time on function within the system. Classifying Matter. Substance v Mixture Elements v Compounds Homogeneous v Heterogeneous. Chemistry of Life. Examples Hydrogen Oxygen Carbon Gold Silver.

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Science 10 – Biochem Last time we focused on Vocab, this time on function within the system

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  1. Science 10 – BiochemLast time we focused on Vocab, this time on function within the system

  2. Classifying Matter • Substance v Mixture • Elements v Compounds • Homogeneous v Heterogeneous

  3. Chemistry of Life Examples Hydrogen Oxygen Carbon Gold Silver Element - any substance that is comprised of one type of atom and cannot be broken down into another substance. http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/PhysicalScience/periodic-table.gif

  4. Chemical bonds • Ionic bonds - formed through the transfer of electrons between two atoms. The bond is due to the attraction of oppositely charged ions (atoms with a negative or positive charge). http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm1504/Image57.gif

  5. Chemical bonds • Covalent bonds - formed through the sharing of atoms between atoms. http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=96904&rendTypeId=4

  6. Matter Flow Chart MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE yes no yes no Is the composition uniform? Can it be chemically decomposed? Colloids Suspensions MATTER yes no Can it be physically separated? Homogeneous Mixture (solution) Heterogeneous Mixture Compound Element

  7. Water is the solvent of life

  8. Chemical elements and water • Elements of life (most common) • Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen • Other necessary elements & function • Nitrogen (amino acids), • Calcium (bones, teeth), • Phosphorous (ATP, DNA), • Iron (hemoglobin), • Sodium (nerve transmision)

  9. Like no other common substance, water exists in nature in all three physical states: • as a solid • as a liquid • as a gas

  10. Properties of water • Transparency: • Light can easily pass through • Reach inside cytoplasm (water) to • chloroplast, retina • Reach organisms in water • Cohesion: • Water molecules stick together (surface) • Water can be pulled up trees • Small animals can live on water surface (mosquito) • Solvent Properties • Thermal Properties

  11. Properties of Water Hydrophobic Hydrophilic • Cohesion - attraction between molecules of the same substance. • Adhesion - attraction between molecules of different substances. http://asia.cnet.com/i/r/2006/dc/39304504/pearls_sc.jpg http://dl.clackamas.edu/ch104-02/images/104vol07.jpg

  12. Cohesion: Water molecules stick together surface tension

  13. Polarity • Polar: Uneven distribution of charge within the molecule. Example: H2O (water) • Non-polar: Even distribution of charge within the molecule. Example: BF3 (boron trifluoride) • Like dissolves like • Something polar dissolves something polar • Something nonpolar dissolves something nonpolar

  14. Biochemistry • The chemistry of Life • Bio-molecules • Proteins • Saccharides • Carbohydrates • Lipids (fats, membranes…) • Nucleic Acids (DNA…)

  15. Organic Compounds • Contain carbon & found in living organisms • Inorganic Carbon compounds: CO2, • Many inorganics found in living organisms • Iron in blood

  16. Macromolecules - large molecules formed through the joining of many monomers (small molecular units) into polymers (larger molecules). We will be studying 4 important macromolecules: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids. http://hsc.csu.edu.au/senior_science/options/polymers/2973/images/Fig_9513.jpg

  17. Carbohydrates(saccharides) - sugars which contain C, H and O and are the main energy source for all living things (some organisms also use carbohydrates for structural purposes). • Monosaccharides - single sugar molecules (glucose, galactose). • Disaccharides - carbohydrates composed of two sugar molecules (lactose). • Polysaccharides - large carbohydrates composed of many monosaccharide monomers (starch, cellulose, glycogen).

  18. Carbohydrates Gizmo • Tutorial on Carbohydrates. http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP13104

  19. The building blocks! 1 1+1=2 2+2=4, etc.. http://chemistry2.csudh.edu/rpendarvis/1feb23.gif

  20. Building Bonds!! Condensation (Dehydration) Reaction: monomers form chains • Remove water to form bonds • Protein synthesis • Fatty acid synthesis 1 1 1 1 Short polymer Unlinked monomer Removal ofwater molecule 1 1 1 1 Longer polymer Figure 3.3A

  21. Hydrolysis - reverse process of condensation polymers are broken down to monomers • Using water Breaking Bonds!! 1 1 1 1 Addition ofwater molecule 1 1 1 1

  22. Condensation (dehydration) and Hydrolysis Gizmo • Animation on Condensation & Hydrolysis reactions. http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htm

  23. Functions of Lipids (fats) A group of organic compounds, including fats oils, and waxes that are soluble insoluble in water. Energy storage: Insulation: Protection: Membranes (phospholipids):

  24. Glycerol & fatty acid Building Bonds = Condensation or Dehydrolysis

  25. Saturated v. Unsaturated Which is better for you?

  26. In general…. • Unsaturated are better for you than Saturated • Saturated fats clog arteries and raise bad cholesterol (LDL) • Synthetic unsaturated fats are not necessarily better • Contain artificially hydrolyzed bonds that are ineffective • Liquids are better for you than solids • If it is a solid at room temperature it is most likely not good for you. • Fats (lipids) are necessary – omega-3-fatty-acids like fish and flax seed oil are very good for you, reducing risk of heart disease and increase immune system

  27. Lipid Gizmo • Tutorial on lipids. Info about saturated and unsaturated fatty acids you need. http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP13204

  28. Enzymes • Enzyme • Protein • Biological catalyst • Example: amylase • Active Site • Location where substrate (reactant) binds

  29. Proteins - macromolecules that contain N, H, O and C. Are comprised of amino acid (the order and combination of these amino acids determines the role of the protein) subunits. Types of proteins: • Enzymes - carry out the chemical reactions in the organism (lactase, DNA helicase, catalase). • Structural Proteins - aid in building muscles, bones and other components of the organism (keratin, collagen). • Functional Proteins - assist in organism’s daily functioning such as messengers (hemoglobin, insulin), defense or transport. http://www.tikirobot.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2007/11/0143.gif

  30. Proteins have levels of organization. Proteins can be denatured.

  31. Structure of Proteins • Primary – sequence of amino acids • Secondary – the folding of the chain of amino acids into a helix or a pleated sheet • Tertiary – a higher level of folding in which the helices and sheets of the secondary structure fold upon themselves • Quaternary – polypeptide chains are bound together usually by hydrogen bonds Chain 1 GLY- ILE -VAL- GLU -GLN -CYS -

  32. Amino Acids = the building blocks of proteins

  33. Protein Synthesis • amino acids link • dipeptides • polypeptide chains (Proteins) • The bonds are called peptide bonds Dehydrationsynthesis Figure 3.13

  34. Protein Gizmo • Tutorial on Proteins (contains more info on structure than we need right now but the idea of denaturation is important when we talk about Enzymes - which are proteins.) http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP13304

  35. Enzymes – Lock and Key

  36. Lock and Key Model (enzyme-substrate specificity)

  37. Effects of variables on enzymes • Temperature • pH

  38. Enzyme Gizmos • What is an enzyme: http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/Biology1111/animations/enzyme.html • How an enzyme works: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html • Enzyme Specificity: http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/enzyme_binding/enzyme_binding.htm • Enzymes: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa/enzymes/acidsbasesact.shtml

  39. Nucleic Acids - macromolecules that contain H, O, N, C and P. The 2 kinds of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA which store and transmit genetic information (the “blueprint” to make you). • Comprised of nucleotide (5-C sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous base) monomers. http://www.scfbio-iitd.res.in/image/nucleotide.jpg http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/RNA%20DNA.gif

  40. Review Sites • Biochemistry: http://www.s-cool.co.uk/alevel/biology/biological-molecules-and-enzymes.html • Enzymes: http://www.s-cool.co.uk/gcse/biology/enzymes.html • Biochemistry: http://www.s-cool.co.uk/alevel/biology/biological-molecules-and-enzymes.html • Enzymes: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa/enzymes/

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