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Understanding How Genes Work: Information Flow in Cells

hedy-hoover avatar
hedy-hoover
37 diapositives · 469 Views · Nov 15, 2014

Explore the intricate relationship between DNA and genes, protein synthesis, and the genetic code. Discover the key roles proteins play and how genes dictate when and what to produce. Unravel the mysteries of DNA compositions and the complexity of nucleotide combinations. Join the discussion on gene replication and the impact of gene changes on genetic traits.

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  1. Today: How do genes work? Discussions begin/began this week. Homework #1 posted

  2. Fig 5.26 Information flow in cells Protein

  3. Fig 5.21 • Proteins are the “doers” of the cell. • They act as: • Enzymes • Structural Support • Transporters • Signals Proteins are a string of amino acids

  4. The relationship between DNA and genes a gene - DNA used to produce RNA or protein promoter coding region terminator non-gene DNA

  5. Only a small percent of DNA codes for proteins Fig 21.7

  6. In humans: Each cell contains ~6 billion nucleotides of DNA. This DNA is ~2 meters long and 2 nm wide. ~98% does not directly code for amino acids In a single human cell only about 3-5% of genes are expressed at a time. DNA Composition:

  7. Fig 6.2 Length of human DNA in each cell The length of DNA in each of your cells is longer than you are tall. Width of DNA Power of ten: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2cmlhfdxuY

  8. In humans: Each cell contains ~6 billion base pairs of DNA. This DNA is ~2 meters long and 2 nm wide. ~1.5% directly codes for amino acids ~25% is genes In a single human cell only about 5-10% of genes are expressed at a time. DNA Composition:

  9. The relationship between DNA and genes a gene - DNA used to produce RNA or protein promoter coding region terminator non-gene DNA

  10. 20 amino acids in proteins fig 5.17 4 nucleotides in DNA ? fig 16.5

  11. How can 4 nucleotides code for 20 amino acids? IF Ratio (nucleotide:amino acid) Possible combinations 1:1 41 4

  12. How can 4 nucleotides code for 20 amino acids? IF Ratio (nucleotide:amino acid) Possible combinations 1:1 41 4 2:1 42 16

  13. How can 4 nucleotides code for 20 amino acids? IF Ratio (nucleotide:amino acid) Possible combinations 1:1 41 4 2:1 42 16 3:1 43 64

  14. How can 4 nucleotides code for 20 amino acids? • IF • Ratio • (nucleotide:amino acid) Possible combinations • 1:1 41 4 • 2:1 42 16 • 3:1 43 64 • There are more possible combinations than amino acids.

  15. fig 17.4 Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein.

  16. Differences between DNA and RNA Fig 5.27

  17. fig 17.4 Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein.

  18. fig 17.5 the Genetic Code

  19. Changes in DNA can change the protein Fig 17.22

  20. Changes in DNA can change the protein...sickle-cell anemia

  21. The fat cat ate the rat. change one letter The zat cat ate the rat.

  22. The fat cat ate the rat. change one letter The zat cat ate the rat. delete one letter The atc ata tet her at.

  23. fig 17.4 Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein.

  24. fig 5.26 The information in genes is what to make andwhen to make it. Protein

  25. Genes have three basic parts a gene promoter coding region terminator non-gene DNA

  26. fig 5.26 Genes contain the information to make RNA and/or proteins. The information in genes is what to make andwhen to make it. Protein

  27. When to make a protein is critical for proper development.

  28. fig 21.7 Genes are replicators (selfish gene)

  29. fig 19.4 Viruses infect living cells, take over, and produce more virus.

  30. Bodies are vessels for the transmission of genes

  31. fig 21.8 Transposons

  32. fig 21.9 Genes are replicators (selfish gene) Transposons: mobile DNA

  33. fig 21.8 Barbara McClintock, discoverer of transposons

  34. fig 21.9 Genes are replicators (selfish gene) Transposons: mobile DNA

  35. Retrotransposons: mobile and self-replicating DNA fig 21.9

  36. fig 21.7 Genes are replicators (selfish gene)

  37. Next: How do your genes make you, you? Discussions begin/began this week. Homework #1 posted