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IPM - Integrated Pest Management

IPM - Integrated Pest Management. IPM - an ecologically based pest control strategy that maintains pest species below the economic injury level by use of the most appropriate and _________________ _____________ methods available. Why are insects so abundant?. Small _____.

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IPM - Integrated Pest Management

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  1. IPM - Integrated Pest Management IPM - an ecologically based pest control strategy that maintains pest species below the economic injury level by use of the most appropriate and _________________ _____________ methods available.

  2. Why are insects so abundant? Small _____ - takes little food to mature to reproductive age Ability to ___ - escape enemies, adverse environmental conditions Unique _____ - waxy layer, strong exoskeleton, jointed legs High __________ capacity - e.g. CPB female can lay 3000 eggs Metamorphosis - adults and young use different resources

  3. Facts you should know about insects World-wide entomologists have described about 1 million species, systematists estimate between 2 and 10 million There are about 100,000 species described in the U.S. 15,000 - 20,000 insect species in Minnesota Q: How many (%) are pests? < ______% are injurious - ca. 3,000 species worldwide _______ pest insectsin the United States

  4. Insect Abundance and Diversity • Insects live in every habitable place on earth except ____ ____ • Chief _____________ of plants on the planet • Major ____________ of plant eaters (herbivores) • Key role in _________ of organic matter • Key role as _________ for other organisms • In some human cultures insects comprise 10% of the diet

  5. How Do Insects Cause Damage? Injury to crops DIRECT or INDIRECT injury Injury to Humans and animals Blood feeding - disease transmission Internal & External Parasites Annoyance Injecting toxic substances Destroy stored products and possessions

  6. Pest - A living organism that occurs in such numbers and places so that it _________ with the availability, quantity of value of a managed resource. Beneficial Insect - An insect which favorably affects humans with the result of its _______ or _________. Losses in Agriculture Preharvest _____% Postharvest _____% TOTAL _____% Annual loss in the U.S. about $7 billion annually to insects

  7. The application of technology, in the context of biological knowledge, to achieve satisfactory reduction of pest numbers or effects. Pest Control Control Strategies 1. Natural 2. Biological 3. Cultural 4. Legislative and Regulatory 5. Mechanical and Physical 6. Genetic 7. Chemical

  8. External and Internal Anatomy • External Anatomy • Insect Exoskeleton II. Metamorphosis • Insect Phylogeny • Assemblages of insect orders

  9. Function of the Insect Cuticle • Protection • Retards ______ loss • Muscle ________________ sites • _____________ located in cuticle • Contains _________ organs • mechanical • chemical

  10. ORDER CLASSIFICATION - based primarily on 3 characters 1. Mouthparts, e.g., chewing, sucking, etc. 2. Wings a. Present or absent b. If present - specialization of wings 3. Type of metamorphosis a. No discernible metamorphosis b. Simple (gradual or hemimetabola) c. Complex (complete or holometabola)

  11. Mouthparts • Chewing or mandibulate: Orthoptera • Sucking: All Hemiptera and Siphonaptera • Many other insects within the higher orders

  12. Mandibulate: Chewing

  13. Haustellate: Piercing-sucking

  14. Wing Modifications Elytra – modified forewings (mesothoracic) of beetles - Coleoptera

  15. Wing Modifications Hemelytra – modified forewings (mesothoracic) of true bugs - Hemiptera

  16. Wing Modifications Hemelytra – modified forewings (mesothoracic) of true bugs - Hemiptera All insects with hemelytra have sucking mouthparts

  17. Metamorphosis - change in form Ametabola - no metamorphosis Example: Silverfish - Thysanura

  18. Simple (Gradual) Metamorphosis Each stage looks like a minature adult Eample: true bug, Heteroptera

  19. Complete (complex) Metamorphosis • Immature is unlike the adult • The largest & most diverse orders have complete metamorphosis Example: Tobacco hornworm, Lepidoptera

  20. Internal Anatomy & Physiology • Digestive System • Respiratory System • Circulatory System • Nervous System • Reproductive System

  21. Digestive System – Generalized Insect Gut • Foregut and Hindgut – derived from integument – lined w/ chitin • Midgut – single cell layer thick, all digestion/absorption in midgut • Malpighian tubules – equivalent to our kidney (N waste) Drawing from Pedigo

  22. Respiratory System

  23. Cross section through an insect thorax • Note – 1 cell layer thick midgut • Trachea helps support organs – acts like mesentery • Major tracheal trunks around key organ systems Drawing from Pedigo

  24. Insect Respiration – Trachea and Spiracles Drawing from Pedigo

  25. Tracheae

  26. Respiration

  27. Circulatory System • Dorsal aorta – only ___________ and a series of “hearts” • Hemolymph (insect ____________) • ____________ (=white blood cells) Functions include: 1. Delivers fresh _____________ to brain 2. Hemolymph transports ________, hormones, waste 3. Hemocytes involved in _____________ and form a primitive immune system (cellular and humoral) 4. Acts as ________ fluid to help extend limbs, organs NOTE: Hemolymph does ______ function in gas exchange (O2, CO2)

  28. Circulation of hemolymph in an open circulatory system Hearts (Ostia) From Elzinga, Fundamentals of Entomology

  29. Insect Nervous System Components • Brain • Paired ventral ganglia • Peripheral nerves CNS Drawing from Pedigo

  30. Sensory Structures • Mechanoreception • Chemoreception • Photoreception

  31. Reflex Action

  32. Nerve TransmissionAction Potential

  33. 2. Compound eyes 3. Tip of mouth (Labium) Adult Female Aphid Sensory Organs 1. Antennae Drawing from Minks and Harrewijn, 1987

  34. Compound Eye

  35. Reproductive Organs Female Male

  36. Soybean Aphids are Parthenogenic: • All offspring are female, born pregnant, give live birth • Birth rate: 3-8/day for 30 days • Generation time 7-10 days, double in 2-3 days Management implications • Resurgence (moderate kill) Before spraying 1000 aphids Day 1 150 Day 3 300 Day 5 600 Day 7 1200 Drawings from Minks and Harrewijn 1987

  37. What is a Land-Grant Institution? • Established by an act of Congress in 1862, known as the Morrill Act. • “Donating Public Lands to the several States and Territories which may provide Colleges for the Benefit of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. …..an amount of public land …. equal to thirty thousand acres for each senator and representative in Congress.” • Land sales funded establishment of the University of Minnesota. • Mandate was to: “…teach agriculture, military tactics, and the mechanical arts as well as classical studies”. • Hatch Act – 1887, Established the Agricultural Experiment Stations • Extension Service – Smith-Lever Act, 1914, “In order to aid in diffusing among the people of the United States useful and practical information on subjects relating to agriculture…..”

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