Alan Brinkley, AMERICAN HISTORY 12/e

1. Alan Brinkley, AMERICAN HISTORY 12/e Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution

2. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Introduction • The Market Revolution – between 1820-1860 America experienced the first stages of its industrial revolution Boott Mill Museum

3. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Introduction • The Market Revolution • Regional Divergence – in South, cotton farming flourished • South less economically developed • South more resolute in defense of slavery

4. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • The Changing American Population • The American Population, 1820-1840 • Reasons for Population Increase Population Growth 1620-1860 Immigration 1820-1840

5. America’s Economic Revolution • American Population 1820-1840 Three trends: Population increased rapidly Moving from the country to cities Expanding westward as well • 1790 – 4 million • 1840 – 17 million High birth rate – women had an average of 6.14 children More children lived to adulthood

6. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • The Changing American Population • Immigration and Urban Growth, 1840-1860 • Rapid Urbanization American Population Density, 1820 American Population Density, 1860

7. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • The Changing American Population • Immigration and Urban Growth, 1840-1860 • Rapid Urbanization • Rise of NYC dramatic: • 1860 – 805, 000 people • Surging Immigration • Between 1840-1850 • more than 1.5 million • Europeans moved to • America Immigration, 1840-1860

8. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • The Changing American Population • Immigration and Urban Growth, 1840-1860 • Rapid Urbanization • Surging Immigration • German and Irish Immigrants Sources of Immigration, 1820-40 and 1840-60

9. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • The Changing American Population • The Rise of Nativism – hostility toward foreign-born • Sources of Nativism: • -Simple racism • -Extreme poverty of some immigrants • -Stealing jobs from native work force • -Irish Catholics gaining a foothold in Am. gov’t • -Many immigrants voted Democratic

10. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • The Changing American Population • The Rise of Nativism • Sources of Nativism • Native American Party – 1845 held a convention in Philadelphia

11. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • The Changing American Population • The Rise of Nativism • Sources of Nativism • Native American Party • The Know-Nothings – 1852 created • a new political organization called • The American Party – contributed to • the collapse of the existing party • system

12. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Transportations, Communications, and Technology • The Canal Age • Steamboats • Carried corn, • wheat, cotton, • and tobacco up • and down Ohio, • Mississippi Rivers Canals in the NE, 1823-1860

13. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Transportations, Communications, and Technology • The Canal Age • Steamboats • Economic Advantages of Canals Canals in the NE, 1823-1860

14. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Transportations, Communications, and Technology • The Canal Age • Steamboats • Economic Advantages of Canals • The Erie Canal • Began in 1817 Canals in the NE, 1823-1860

15. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Transportations, Communications, and Technology • The Early Railroads • Technological Basis of the Railroads: tracks, steam-powered locomotives, rail cars that could serve to carry people and freight. The Dewitt Clinton, 1831 (Library of Congress)

16. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Transportations, Communications, and Technology • The Early Railroads • Technological Basis of the Railroads • Competition between Railroads and Canals – • Railroads eventually won!

17. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Transportations, Communications, and Technology • The Triumph • of the Rails • Consolidation • short lines • into longer • lines called • “trunk” lines Railroad Growth, 1850-1860

18. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Transportations, Communications, and Technology • Innovations in Communications • and Journalism • The Telegraph – 1844 – Samuel • Morse successfully transmitted • From Baltimore to Washington • James Polk’s nomination for • President. Samuel Morse(Portrait Gallery)

19. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Transportations, Communications, and Technology • Innovations in Communications • and Journalism • The Telegraph • The Associated Press – 1846 – Richard Hoe invented the rotary press. Also 1846 – newspaper publishers formed the AP to share news by wire.

20. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Transportations, Communications, and Technology • Innovations in Communications • and Journalism • The Telegraph • The Associated Press • Fueling Sectional Discord – newspapers in North had bigger budgets than Southern papers. Southern papers tended to report local news

21. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Commerce and Industry • Impact of the Market Economy – the emerging economy changed the face of the nation, but not everyone equally

22. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Commerce and Industry • The Expansion of Business, 1820-1840 • Advantages of the Corporation – allowed for much greater amount of capital

23. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Commerce and Industry • The Expansion of Business, 1820-1840 • Advantages of the Corporation • Inadequate Credit – only gov’t could issue official currency • Many banks issued unofficial currency – not stable in value. • Many banks failed and bank deposits were insecure.

24. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Commerce and Industry • The Emergence of the Factory • Transformation of the Shoe Industry – 1820s • -Shoes still largely made by hand. • -Manufacturers started to hire • workers who were specialized in one • particular task of the process • -Shoe production took off.

25. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Commerce and Industry • The Emergence of the Factory • Transformation of the Shoe Industry • The Industrial Northeast • of 140,000 manufacturing facilities in • country, 74,000 were in Northeast. • Produced 2/3 of nation’s goods.

26. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Commerce and Industry • Advances in Technology • Interchangeable Parts – 1st introduced by • Eli Whitney • Idea made its way into manufacturing

27. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Commerce and Industry • Advances in Technology • Interchangeable Parts • Technological Innovations – patents rose sharply • 1830 – 544 patents • 1860 – 4,778 patents • 1839 – Charles Goodyear vulcanized rubber • 1846 – Howe-Singer sewing machine

28. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Commerce and Industry • Innovations in Corporate Organization • Decline of Merchant Capitalism – merchants discovered that there was more profit in manufacturing than in trade.

29. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Men and Women at Work • Recruiting a Native Work Force • Transformation of American Agriculture – new farmland in Midwest, improvements in transportation, and improved farm equipment caused increased food production.

30. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Men and Women at Work • Recruiting a Native Work Force • Transformation of American Agriculture • The Lowell System – Relied on unmarried women workers Lowell, Massachusetts, 1832

31. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Men and Women at Work • Recruiting a Native Work Force • Transformation of American Agriculture • The Lowell System • Women Workers – unmarried women • had few other options • Many suffered from loneliness and • depression.

32. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Men and Women at Work • Recruiting a Native Work Force • Transformation of American Agriculture • The Lowell System • Women Workers • Decline of the Lowell System – difficult to maintain high living standards and good working conditions • 1834 – Factory Girls Association strike against wage cut

33. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Men and Women at Work • The Immigrant Workforce • Economic Advantages of Immigrant Labor – workers had less leverage than female workers • Large numbers of them new to country – no marketable skills and horrible living conditions.

34. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Men and Women at Work • The Immigrant Workforce • Economic Advantages of Immigrant Labor • Harsh Work Conditions – less pressure on owners to keep good working conditions • Piece rates – being paid for how much work you produced • Work day – 12-14 hours • Wages – skilled $4-$10/week; unskilled $1-$6/week

35. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Men and Women at Work • The Factory System and the Artisan Tradition • Deskilling – skilled artisans being replaced by mass production.

36. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Men and Women at Work • The Factory System and the Artisan Tradition • Deskilling • National Trade Unions – skilled craftsmen formed these to battle laws working against them

37. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Men and Women at Work • Fighting for Control • Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842) Supreme Court declared labor union lawful organizations and strikes as lawful weapons.

38. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Men and Women at Work • Fighting for Control • Commonwealth v. Hunt • Female Protective Unions – early craft unions excluded women • Formed own unions – but little power in dealing with employers. • Mutual aid society for women workers

39. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Men and Women at Work • Fighting for Control • Commonwealth v. Hunt • Female Protective Unions • America’s Divided Working Class – manufacturers had little trouble replacing disgruntled employees with new immigrants – willing to work for lower wages.

40. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Patterns of Industrial Society • The Rich and the Poor • Increasing Inequality in Wealth • 1845 – 4% owned 65% of the wealth • 1860 – 1% owned more than ½ the wealth • During the Great Recession, from 2007 to 2009, average real income per family declined dramatically by 17.4%, the largest two-year • drop since the Great Depression. • 2012: The top 10 percent of US households controlled 50.4 percent of total income

41. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Patterns of Industrial Society • The Rich and the Poor • Increasing Inequality in Wealth • The Urban Poor – substantial numbers of people actually starved to death of died of exposure.

42. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Patterns of Industrial Society • The Rich and the Poor • Increasing Inequality in Wealth • The Urban Poor • African-American Poverty – free blacks in North among poorest. • Blacks could not vote, attend public school, or use any public services available to whites • Even so, preferable to living as slaves

43. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Patterns of Industrial Society • Social Mobility • Social Mobility – few workers managed to move from poverty to riches • Geographic mobility – areas of West available – some people saved money and bought land • More working class men involved in politics

44. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Patterns of Industrial Society • Middle-Class Life • Rapidly Expanding Middle Class – most influential group in urban America • More middle-class families owned homes • Middle class women tended to stay home – some could hire servants

45. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Patterns of Industrial Society • Middle-Class Life • Rapidly Expanding Middle Class • New Household Inventions – cast iron stove improved cooking and heating in homes • Wider variety of food available • Iceboxes – allowed to keep fresh meat and dairy • most middle-class did NOT have these.

46. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Patterns of Industrial Society • Middle-Class Life • Rapidly Expanding Middle Class • New Household Inventions • Growing Class Distinctions – homes elaborately decorated: carpet, wallpaper, heavy furnishings • Middle-class homes became larger • 1850s – some homes had indoor plumbing

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48. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Patterns of Industrial Society • The Changing Family • Declining Economic Role of the Family – in urban areas jobs were more important than land • In country fathers used to control children’s futures by distribution of land • More sons and daughters left the family in search of work • Farmers had to hire workers instead of relying on family to perform tasks.

49. Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution • Patterns of Industrial Society • The Changing Family • Declining Economic Role of the Family • Falling Birth Rates – some access to birth control • Abortion may have ended 20% of pregnancies • More people practiced abstinence – approached the family with more secular, rational thoughts.

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