Ethics in Medical Sciences June 2018

1. Ethics in Medical SciencesJune 2018 Jonas Josefsson, Department of Philosophy, lu

2. Research in medical science Topics for today: • Ethics in medical research • Ethics and clinicaltrials • Group discussion • Authorship in research • Group discussion.

3. Ethics in medicalsciences Topics for today: • Ethics in medical research • Ethics and clinicaltrials • Group discussion • Authorship in research • Group discussion.

4. Ethics in medical science Ethical (Moral) theories: • Religiousethics (deontologic) • NaturalLaw (deontologic) • Kantianism (deontologic) • Consequentialism • Virtueethics • Mixtures (e.g. principlism by Beauchamp/Childress, or commonsensemorality)

5. Ethics in medical science Deontological theories - Kantianism: • The right action is the action that is in accordance with a duty to its performance. • The right action is the action that is covered by the acknowledged rule according to which the action is mandatory (e.g. rights, duties) • Always recognize that human individuals are ends, and do not use them as means to your end.

6. Ethics in medical science Consequentalist theories: • The right action is producing the best consequences in terms of e.g. welfare, utility, satisfaction of preferences, interests etc. • Eg. Utilitarianism (e.g. Peter Singer)

7. Ethics in medical science Utilitarianism: • The right action is producing the best consequences in terms of e.g. welfare, utility, satisfaction of preferences, interests etc. • Peter Singer: maximize interest-satisfaction. • Which interests? • Speciesism?

8. Ethics in medical science Bioethics History: • Medical ethics – ancientGreece 400 BC (Hippocrates) • Nuremberg Trials (1947) – Informedconsent, human rights • HelsinkiDeclaration (1964>) informedconsent & medical research • Development of biotechnology (from 1970) • Human Genome Project (1990) • Enhancement? (2000>)

9. Ethics and clinicaltrials Bioethics History: • Medical ethics – ancientGreece 400 BC (Hippocrates) • Nuremberg Trials (1947) – Informedconsent, human rights • HelsinkiDeclaration (1964>) – Informedconsent, medical research • Development of biotechnology (from 1970) • Human Genome Project (1990) • Enhancement? (2000>)

10. Ethics and clinicaltrials Main problems: • Balancing human rightsand valueofmedical research. • Participantsareasked to take on risks in order to developknowledgewithoutdirect benefit to them.

11. Ethics and clinicaltrials Informedconsent: • Information: Adequate information aboutstudy: purpose, procedure, risks, benefits, alternatives. • Understanding: Participantsshould understand the information. • Voluntary participation: incentives, no undueinfluence and no coercion to ensurefreeparticipation. • Writtenconsent

12. Ethics and clinicaltrials Balancing human rights: • Valueof research • Fairness in selectionofparticipants • Adequate research (proper, valid etc) • Risk-benefit balance. Risk to participantsshould be justified by possiblebenefits • Informedconsent • Possibility to leavestudy

13. Research ethics: Authorship Proper authorship credit

14. Publicationethics - links Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: http://www.icmje.org/ Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE): http://publicationethics.org/

15. Research ethics: Authorship Proper authorship credit: Proper authors/contributers: Authorship credit should be based on • substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data • drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content • final approval of the version to be published. Authors should meet conditions 1, 2, and 3. Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals (October 2008)

16. Research ethics: Authorship Non-proper authorship credit: • Gift-authors • Ghost-authors • Honorary authors • Prestige authors

17. Research ethics: Publication Non-proper publication practices: • Plagiarism • Self-plagiarism • “Salami-papers” • “Double-dipping”

18. Group discussions!