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Exploring Cellular Level of Human Body Organization

Learn about the 200 types of cells, cell division, and the main parts and structures of a cell explained by Dr. Michael P. Gillespie. Understand the functions of plasma membrane, membrane proteins, and membrane permeability.

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Exploring Cellular Level of Human Body Organization

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  1. CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  2. CELLS • There are approximately 200 different types of cells that make up the basic structures of the human body. • Cell division creates new cells. A “parent” cell divides into two new “daughter” cells. • Different types of cells carry out different functions in the body. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  3. PARTS OF A CELL • Plasma membrane • Cytoplasm • Cytosol • Organelles • Nucleus • Chromosomes • Genes Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  4. 3 MAIN PARTS OF A CELL • Plasma membrane – the cells flexible outer surface. • Cytoplasm – all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. • Nucleus – a large organelle that houses most of the cell’s DNA. Chromosomes and genes are contained here. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  5. TYPICAL STRUCTURES Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  6. PLASMA MEMBRANE • A flexible, yet sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of a cell. • Fluid mosaic model. • Lipid Bilayer • Membrane proteins • Membrane Permeability – Selective Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  7. PLASMA MEMBRANE CONTINUED… • Gradients • Concentration • Electrochemical • Osmosis • Diffusion • Active Transport Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  8. LIPID BILAYER • Phospholipids – 2 layers • Amphipathic – polar and nonpolar • Hydrophilic • Hydrophobic Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  9. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  10. MEMBRANE PROTEINS • Integral Proteins – extend into or through the lipid bilayer. • Transmembrane proteins • Peripheral Proteins – attached to either the inside or outside of the membrane. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  11. FUNCTIONS OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS • Ion channel • Transporter • Receptor • Enzyme • Cell Identity Marker • Linker Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

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  13. MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY • Selectively Permeable • Permeable to nonpolar, uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, & steroids. • Impermeable to ions and charged or polar molecules, such as glucose. • Slightly permeable to water and urea. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  14. GRADIENTS • Concentration Gradient – A difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another. • Electrochemical Gradient – The combination of the effects of the concentration gradient and the membrane potential. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  15. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  16. TRANSPORT ACROSS THE MEMBRANE • Passive Transport – does not require cellular energy. • Substances move down their concentration or electrochemical gradients using only their own kinetic energy. • Active Transport – requires cellular energy in the form of ATP. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  17. 3 TYPES OF PASSIVE TRANSPORT • Diffusion through the lipid bilayer. • Diffusion through membrane channels. • Facilitated diffusion. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  18. ENDOCYTOSIS • Material enters the cell in vesicles. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  19. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  20. EXOCYTOSIS • Material leaves the cell in vesicles. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  21. DIFFUSION • Materials diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. They move down their concentration gradient. • Equilibrium – molecules are mixed uniformly throughout the solution. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  22. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  23. FACTORS INFLUENCING DIFFUSION • Steepness of the concentration gradient. • Temperature. • Mass of the diffusing substance. • Surface Area. • Diffusion distance. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  24. OSMOSIS • The net movement of a solvent (water) across a selectively permeable membrane. • Water moves from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  25. OSMOTIC PRESSURE • A solution containing solute particles that cannot cross the membrane exerts a force called osmotic pressure. • The greater the number of solute particles the greater the pressure. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  26. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  27. TONICITY • A solution’s tonicity measures the solution’s ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content. • Isotonic – cell maintains shape • Hypotonic – cell swells and bursts • Hypertonic – cell shrinks - crenation Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

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  29. CYTOPLASM • 2 components • Cytosol – fluid portion that surrounds organelles. • 55% of total cell volume • Water with dissolved and suspended components • Ions, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, proteins, lipids, ATP, and waste products. • Organelles – specialized structures • Specific shapes • Specific functions Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  30. CYTOSKELETON • Network of protein filaments. • Structural framework for the cell. • 3 Types of filaments • Microvilli – small – increase surface area • Intermediate filaments • Microtubules – largest – in cilia and flagella – participate in cell division. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  31. CENTROSOME • Located near the nucleus • Plays a critical role in cell division Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  32. CILIA AND FLAGELLA • Comprised of microtubules. • Cilia – short, hairlike projections that extend from the surface of the cell. • Line respiratory tract • Movement is paralyzed by nicotine • Flagella – longer than cilia • Usually move an entire cell • Sperm’s tail Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

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  34. RIBOSOMES • Sites of protein synthesis • Free Ribosomes – located in cytosol • Attached to nuclear membrane and ER • In mitochondria Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

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  38. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM ER • Plasmic = cytoplasm; reticulum = network • Network of folded membranes • Transports substances throughout cell • Rough ER – ribosomes attached – synthesizes proteins • Smooth ER – synthesizes fatty acids and steroids Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

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  41. ROUGH ER Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  42. SMOOTH ER Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  43. GOLGI COMPLEX • Consists of 3 – 20 golgi cisternae (membranous sacs) • Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for distribution • Proteins leave through secretory vesicles, membrane vesicles, or transport vesicles. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  44. LYSOSOMES • Lyso = dissolving; somes = bodies • Contain powerful digestive enzymes and hydrolytic enzymes • Lysosomal enzymes can destroy their own cell – autolysis (due to pathology) Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  45. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  46. LYSOSOME Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  47. MITOCHONDRIA • Generate ATP – “powerhouses” of the cell Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  48. MITOCHONDRIAN WITH MATRIX Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  49. MITOCHONDRIA Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  50. NUCLEUS • Spherical or oval shaped • Most prominent feature in the cell • Most structures have a single nucleus, although mature RBCs have none • Contain genes arranged in chromosomes • Genome – total genetic information for an organism Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

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