The _______ Cycle

2. The _______ Cycle Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

3. Ch. 8Photosynthesis

4. Section 8.1 Goals • 1. Where do plants get the energy they need to produce food? • 2. What is the role of ATP in cellular activities?

5. Autotrophs • Organisms that can make their own food. auto = self trophe = food

6. Heterotroph • Obtain energy from the foods they consume. hetero = other trophe = food

7. Chemoautotrophs

8. Forms of Energy Heat Light Electric Electrochemical Electromagnetic

9. Chemical Energy and ATP • Adenosine Diphosphate – ADP Made of- • Adenine • 5-carbon sugar ribose • 2 phosphate groups Adenosine Triphosphate – ATP Made of- • Adenine • 5-carbon sugar ribose • 3 phosphate groups

10. Storing Energy • What does a cell do to store energy it has available? Releasing Energy 2. How is energy stored by the cell released? 3. Explain why only a small amount of ATP is stored? 4. Where do the cells get energy to make ATP?

11. Storing Energy • What does a cell do to store energy it has available? Answer – The cell adds a phosphate group to ADP. The energy is in the chemical bonds.

12. Releasing Energy • How is energy stored by the cell released? Answer – Breaking the chemical bonds of the 3rd phosphate releases energy

13. Explain why only a small amount of ATP is stored? ATP is not good at storing long term energy. 1 Glucose Molecule = 90X energy 1 Molecule of ATP

14. Using Biochemical Energy • Uses of ATP • Cell movement • Active Transport • Na and K pumps • Organelle movement • Light

15. Tomorrow • Vocabulary sheet due Thursday • Quarter Exam

16. The _______ Cycle Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

17. Photosynthesis • Plants use the energy from sunlight to convert water and CO2 into high-energy carbohydrates. • Photo = light synthesis = putting together

18. The Question Question Asked: When a tree grows from a seed to an adult tree, where does the mass come from?

19. Jan van Helmont (1579 – 1644) • 1643 – Belgian Physician • Tree had gained 75 kg in five years. • Extra mass was from water

20. Joseph Priestley (1733 – 1804) • 1771 – English Minister • Something in the air kept the candle burning • Plants produced gas that’s important for life and fire.

21. Jan Ingenhousz (1730 – 1799) • 1779 – Dutch Scientist • Aquatic plants produce oxygen with light • Plants need sunlight to produce oxygen

22. Photosynthesis Equation Unbalanced Equation- CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 + O2

24. Light Energy and Pigments • Electromagnetic Spectrum – Arranges electromagnetic energy from short to long wavelengths. Why can these cause cancer?

25. Pigments • Gives a substance its color. • Light will be absorbed, reflected, or transmitted.

26. 1. Which of the following is an autotroph? • a. mushroom c. monkey • b. dog d. tree

27. 2. Which of the following is NOT an example of a heterotroph? • a. mushroom c. grass • b. Leopard d. human

28. 3. Energy is released from ATP when • a phosphate group is added. • adenine bonds to ribose. • ATP is exposed to sunlight. • d. a phosphate group is removed.

29. 4. Which of the following are used in the overall reactions for photosynthesis? • a. carbon dioxide c. light • b. water d. all of the above

30. 5. Most plants appear green because chlorophyll • a. does not absorb green light. • reflects violet light. • absorbs green light. • d. none of the above

31. 6. Organisms, such as plants, that make their own food are called • a. autotrophs. c. thylakoids. • b. heterotrophs. d. pigments.

32. 7. Jan van Helmont concluded that plants gain most of their mass from • a. water. c. carbon dioxide in the air. • b. the soil. d. oxygen in the air.

33. The _______ Cycle Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

34. Do you think changes to the slow carbon cycle could affect the temperature on Earth? • Do you think humans are affecting the carbon cycle?

35. 8.3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis The requirements of photosynthesis were discovered in the 1800s. Not until the second half of the 1900s that biologists understood the complex reactions during photosynthesis.

36. The Chloroplast • Captures sunlight and converts CO2 and H20 into food (glucose).

37. Grana – Stacks of thylakoids Thylakoids – Saclike photosynthetic membranes

38. Photosystems • 1. Light collecting units of the chloroplast • 2. Cluster made by proteins in the thylakoid membrane organizing chlorophyll

39. Stroma • Region outside the thylakoid membrane.

40. Electron Carriers • Sunlight excites electrons in the chlorophyll causing them to gain a great deal of energy. • Carrier Molecule – Compound that can accept a pair of high energy electrons and transfer them along with most of their energy to another molecule – Electron Transport

41. Electron Transport Chain

42. Light Dependent Reactions

43. Location • In the Thylakoids

44. What goes into the reaction? • 1. Sunlight - Energy • 2. Water • New electrons and H+ ions come from splitting H2O molecules. • 3. NADP+ • 4. ADP

45. What happens during the reaction? • 1. NADP+ is converted to NADPH • Picks up 2 electrons and H+ • 2. Energy collected turns ADP to ATP. • 3. O2 (oxygen gas) released from splitting of water

46. What comes out of the reaction? • 1. O2 • 2. ATP • 3. NADPH • Has 2 high energy electrons + 1 H+ ion • Note – ATP and NADPH are not stable

47. The Calvin Cycle

48. Location • In the stroma

49. What goes into the reaction? • 1. ATP • 2. NADPH • 2 high energy electrons • 3. 6 CO2 molecules

50. What happens during the reaction? •   Six carbon dioxide molecules enter the cycle from the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide molecules combine with six 5-carbon molecules. The result is twelve 3-carbon molecules. •   The twelve 3-carbon molecules are then converted into higher-energy forms. The energy for this conversion comes from ATP and high-energy electrons from NADPH. •   Two of the twelve 3-carbon molecules are removed from the cycle. The plant cell uses these molecules to produce sugars, lipids, amino acids, and other compounds needed for plant metabolism and growth. •   The remaining ten 3-carbon molecules are converted back into six 5-carbon molecules. These molecules combine with six new carbon dioxide molecules to begin the next cycle.