The Failure of European Defence Community and of European Political Community

1. The Failure of European Defence Community and of European Political Community cmd History of European Integration 2012-2013

2. European Defence Community (René Pleven plan) • Basis of: -Korean war (25 June 1950-27 July 1953) -American call to rearm Germany (Sept. 1950, New-York Conference – D. Acheson, E. Bevin, R. Schuman) (America is ready to send more troops in Europe only beside on European troops, German troops included)

3. European Defence Community (René Pleven plan) • French opposition to American call: René Pleven plan (a Schuman plan in defence field) • Characteristics: -establishment of an integrated European army, composed by ECSC members, Germany included (!Germany cannot establish a national army!); -French troops = German troops -common staff -European army have to be subordinated to NATO staff and surveyed by an independent organisation, established by all Member States;

4. European Defence Community (René Pleven plan) • 28 May 1952: signature of the EDC Treaty • 30 August 1954: rejection by French National Assembly Failure causes: -incapacity to renounce to a part of national sovereignty; -structure of French National Assembly (gaullist majority) French communists’ opposition to rear Germany; -internal disputes between French socialists and radicals; -international more calm situation (Korean armistice; Stalin’ death; end of war from Indochine following to the Geneva Accords, at July 21, 1954)

5. European Political Community • Proposed in 1952 as a (federal) solution for ECSC and EDC progress (the political role of the Council of Europe seemed ever unrealisable); • P. H. Spaak influence • Supranational characteristics -Bicameral Parliament (elected by universal vote, composed by the representatives of national parliaments); -European Executive Council, collegial body responsible toward the above-mentioned Parliament; its president had to be elected by the Senat of the above-mentioned Parliament; -Council of Ministers, intergovernmental institution, composed by the representatives of national governements (decisional body, beside of Executive Council);

6. European Political Community • Role: to immerse, in the next 2 years, ECSC, EDC, to coordinate (by the Executive Council) the High Authority of ECSC; • Attributions -foreign policy and defence; -economic and social integration; -respect of human rights; -to coordinate the foreign policy of Member States and to create a common economic market;

7. Failure of EPC • Causes -1953-1954: disinterest of Member Countries and lack of any meeting of their Foreign Affairs Ministers; -the unfavorable period when project was initiated; -lengthy diplomatic negotiations; -failure to adopt EDC by French Parliament; *EPC is the first initiative to provide the European integrity at supranational level, not by the government of member states; it was the institutionalcorollary of EDC;

8. European Economic Community • 1955, Conference of Messina: relaunching of ECSC and Common Market; -Benelux’ initiative to create a common economic market (Spaak Report on common market and the market of nuclear energy); • March 25, 1957: Treaty of Rome (based on Spaak Report) -EEC -EURATOM -ECSC

9. European Economic Community • Common Market meant: -merging of national markets in a given deadline; -establishing collective tools and methods to put it into practice; -forbidden of the dumping and holding practices; -diminishing the national protectionism; -cooperation of Member States in order to obtain monetary stability, economic development and social welfare;

10. European Economic Community • Methods to create Common Market -by eliminating the internal tariffs and custom barriers; -by establishing common external tariffs and common internal regulations; -by eliminating the national derogations in economic laws; -by adopting specific taxes and social laws; -by the free movement of labor and capital;

11. European Economic Community • Stages of Common Market -1958-1961: reducing the internal custom taxes with at least 25%, increasing of import limits with at least 60%, harmonising custom legislation; -1962-1966: reducing with 25% the internal custom taxes, increasing with 80% of import limits, reducing with 30% of the differences between national and common custom tariffs; -1967-1969: complete elimination of internal custom taxes, of internal import limits; general application of common custom tariffs; free movement of individuals and goods;

12. European Economic Community • Common Market attributions -realising a custom and tariffs union, of a common trade policy; -to provide the free movement of services, goods, capitals and individuals; -to harmonise national legislations; -to establish common policies in the fields of agriculture and transportation; -collaboration with non-European markets.

13. European Economic Community • Results of emerged Common Market -1970: Community trade increased sixfold; exchanges of EEC with thiers increased threefold; EEC’ NBP (pnb) will increase with 70%; -emergence of CAP (establishment of common market for some agricultural goods) -social policies: of European Social Fund;

14. EURATOM Treaty • Objectives: -establishing the necessary framework to survey the development of thenew type of energy and industry, the researches inthe field of, • Common actions in the field of: -development and improvement of industrial technologies; -free movement of experts; -common norms of protection for the workers; -common norms concerning research and dissemination of knowledge, and nuclear security; -establishment of a common market of nuclear energy; • France, 1966, fail of integrator character of EURATOM

15. EEC Institutions • Ministerial Council (FP ministries or others; the main coordinator of economic common policies; Votes: 10-UK, Fr, Ge, It; 5-Be, Nl; 3-Dk, Ir; 2-Lu) • Executive Commission (to elaborate the common norms and policies; to survey the achievement of common norms and treaties and of the policies elaborated by Ministerial Council and other common institutions) • Court of Justice (decided on the legal character of different common norms and policies) • European Parliament

16. EEC Difficulties. • Crisis of empty chair (Jun. ’65-Jan. ’66), followed by “Luxembourg compromise” • Ch. de Gaulle • German left opposition ******* • European Free Trade Association/EFTA ()