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European Atomic Energy Community

„European Nuclear Energy Law in a Process of Change“ Institute for Energy and Mining Law, Ruhr University Bochum, Germa n y. European Atomic Energy Community. Overview on lectures to be held this week (1). Monday , 25. 11. 2013, 14:00 – 15.30:

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European Atomic Energy Community

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  1. „European Nuclear Energy Law in a Process of Change“Institute for Energy and Mining Law, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany EuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunity

  2. Overview on lectures to beheldthisweek (1) • Monday, 25. 11. 2013, 14:00 – 15.30: • Introduction - historical background of the nuclear integration in Europe (CERN, OEEC, Euratom) • Tuesday, 26. 11. 2013, 10:15 – 11:30: • European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) - nature, characteristic features, relation to the European Union, institutions- powers to create binding legislation (regulations, directives) and to issue binding decisions - overview of Euratom 's policies with regard to the decision making ofthe ECJ - Euratom and existing international treaties

  3. Overview on lectures to beheldthisweek(2) • Wednesday, 27. 11. 2013, 10:15 – 11:30: • Focus an key legal aspects in the Member States I.: nuclear safety, radioactive waste management, competencies of Euratom vs. competencies of member states - key obligations arisingfrom the current Euratom legislation - perspectives of thefuture developments • Thursday, 28. 11. 2013, 10:15 – 11:30: • Focus an key legal aspects in the Member StatesII.: nuclear liability, commonsupplypolicy- competencies of Euratom vs. competencies of member states - key obligations arising.from the current Euratom legislation - perspectives of thefuture developments • Friday, 29. 11. 2013, 10:15 – 11:30: • Challenges arisingfrom new technologies (nuclear fusion, small reactors, floatingNPPs etc.)

  4. TheEuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunity (Euratom)

  5. Introduction In the field of nuclear energy, the Treatyestablishing the European Atomic Energy Community (“Euratom Treaty”)is binding primary law for 27 member states of the European Union with almost 500 million inhabitants. It is the basis for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy of two nuclear weapon states,15 countriesusing nuclear power for electricity generation, and in all member states it serves a number of other goals, such as protection of health and safety. With a total of just under 150 nuclear power plant

  6. Introduction With a total of just under 150 nuclear power plants generating almost one third of its electricity needs, the European Union is the world’s largest producer of nuclear energy.

  7. Euratom: A Static Community Since its entry into force in 1958, the Euratom Treaty has remained largely unchanged while the European Economic Community (EEC) has evolved into the European Community (EC) and recently into the European Union (EU). Another founding treaty, the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community, expired in 2002 and was absorbed by the EC/EU Treaty. By contrast, the Euratom Treaty has so far only been modified in line with the institutional changes of the last treaties, namely the 1965 Merger Treaty, the 1986 Single European Act, the 1992 Treaty of Maastricht, the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam, the 2001 Treaty of Nice and the 2007 Treaty of Lisbon. Its substantial provisions remained largely the same as they were in 1958. The Lisbon Treaty of 2007was the latest step in modernising and adapting the European Union to the requirements of an enlarged and more diverse supranational European Union. It entered into force on 1 December 2009.

  8. Euratom and theEuropean Union (1) The European Atomic Energy Community is based on the Euratom Treaty and exists as a separate legal entity next to the European Union based on both the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. This is reconfirmed by the Preamble to Protocol No. 2 of the Lisbon Treaty amending the Euratom Treaty. However, the three treaties cannot be strictly separated as they are not only linked by several legal provisions but also because of the identity of their institutions.

  9. Euratom and theEuropean Union (2) Article 106a Euratom Treaty 1. Article 7, Articles 13 to 19, Article 48(2) to (5), and Articles 49 and 50 of the Treaty on European Union, and Article 15, Articles 223 to 236, Articles 237 to 244, Article 245, Articles 246 to 270, Articles 272, 273 and 274, Articles 277 to 281, Articles 285 to 304, Articles 310 to 320, Articles 322 to 325 and Articles 336, 342 and 344 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and the Protocol on Transitional Provisions, shall apply to this Treaty. 2. Within the framework of this Treaty, the references to the Union, to the “Treaty on European Union”, to the “Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union” or to the “Treaties” in the provisions referred to in paragraph 1 and those in the protocols annexed both to those Treaties and to this Treaty shall be taken, respectively, asreferences to the European Atomic Energy Community and to this Treaty. 3. The provisions of the Treaty on European Union and of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union shall not derogate from the provisions of this Treaty.

  10. Euratom and theEuropean Union (3) This is the central norm which makes a number of provisions of the EU Treaty and TFEU resulting from the Lisbon Treaty directly applicable to the EuratomTreaty. In detail they concern: •defenceof values of the EU (Article 7 EU Treaty); • ordinary revision procedure [Article 48(2)-(5) EU Treaty]; • application and admission to the EU (Article 49 EU Treaty) and • withdrawal from the EU (Article 50 EU Treaty); • institutional framework (Articles 13-19 EU Treaty), e.g. the functioning of the European Parliament (Articles 223-236 TFEU), the Council (Articles 237-243 TFEU), the Commission (Articles 244-250 TFEU), the Court of Justice (Articles 251-281 TFEU), the Court of Auditors (Articles 285-287 TFEU) and of the Economic and Social Committee (Articles 300-304 TFEU); • legislative instruments and procedure (Articles 288-299 TFEU) and • financial provisions (Articles 310-325 TFEU);

  11. Goals and tasksofthe Euratom (1) HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE BELGIANS, THE PRESIDENT OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY, THE PRESIDENT OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC, THE PRESIDENT OF THE ITALIAN REPUBLIC, HER ROYAL HIGHNESS THE GRAND DUCHESS OF LUXEMBOURG, HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN OF THE NETHERLANDS, RECOGNIZING that nuclear energy represents an essential resource for the development and invigoration of industry and will permit the advancement of the cause of peace, CONVINCED that only a joint effort undertaken without delay can offer the prospect of achievements commensurate with the creative capacities of their countries, RESOLVED to create the conditions necessary for the development of a powerful nuclear industry which will provide extensive energy resources, lead to the modernization of technical processes and contribute, through its many other applications, to the prosperity of their peoples, ANXIOUS to create the conditions of safety necessary to eliminate hazards to the life and health of the public, DESIRING to associate other countries with their work and to cooperate with international organizations concerned with the peaceful development of atomic energy,

  12. Goals and tasksofthe Euratom (2) • promote research and development and ensure the dissemination of technical information (Articles 4-29); • establish uniform safety standards to protect the health of workers and of the general public and monitor their application (Articles 30-39); • facilitate investment and promote initiatives by undertakings in the field of nuclear energy (Articles 40-51); • ensure that all users in the Community receive a regular and equitable supply of nuclear materials (Articles 52-76);

  13. Goals and tasksofthe Euratom (3) • guarantee that nuclear materials are not diverted to purposes other than those intended (Articles 77-85); • exercise the right of ownership conferred upon it with respect to fissile materials (Articles 86-91); • ensure wide markets and access to the best technical facilities through the creation of a nuclear common market (Articles 92-100); • and tablish relations with other countries and international organisations to foster progress in the peaceful use of nuclear energy (Articles 101-106).

  14. Chaptersofthe Euratom Treaty (1) • Promotionofresearch • Disseminationofinformation • Safety and health • Investments • Joint Undertakings

  15. Chaptersofthe Euratom Treaty(2) 6. Common Supply Policy 7. Safeguards 8. Propertyownership 9. Nuclearcommon market 10. Foreign relations

  16. Institutionsofthe Euratom Community (1) The main institutions under Article 13(1) of the Treaty on European Union (EU Treaty) are the European Parliament,the European Council,the Council,the European Commission,the Court of Justice of the European Unionand the Court of Auditors. Article 13(4) of the EU Treaty defines the European Economic and Social Committeeas advisory body. These are common institutions to both the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, while Article 13 of the EU Treaty moreover establishes a Committee of the Regionsand the European Central Bankwhich have no function in the context of the European Atomic Energy Community.

  17. Institutionsofthe Euratom Community(2) The Euratom Treaty has created specific entities that support and complement the acts of the above mentioned institutions, such as the Joint Nuclear Research Centre in Article 8, the Euratom Supply Agency (ESA) in Article 52, the Scientific and Technical Committee in Article 134 and the scientific group of public health experts in Article 31.

  18. Institutionsofthe Euratom Community(3) After consulting the Scientific and Technical Committee, the Commission shall establish a Joint Nuclear Research Centre.This Centre shall ensure that the research programmes and other tasks assigned to it by the Commission are carried out. It shall also ensure that a uniform nuclear terminology and a standard system of measurements are established. It shall set up a central bureau for nuclear measurements. The activities of the Centre may, for geographical or functional reasons, be carried out in separate establishments.

  19. Institutionsofthe Euratom Community(4) The supply of ores, source materials and special fissile materials shall be ensured, in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter, by means of a common supply policy on the principle of equal access to sources of supply. an Agency is hereby established; it shall have a right of option on ores, source materials and special fissile materials produced in the territories of Member States and an exclusive right to conclude contracts relating to the supply of ores, source materials and special fissile materials coming from inside the Community or from outside.

  20. Institutionsofthe Euratom Community(5) The basic standards shall be worked out by the Commission after it has obtained the opinion of a group of persons appointed by the Scientific and Technical Committee from among scientific experts, and in particular public health experts, in the Member States. The Commission shall obtain the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee on these basic standards.

  21. Institutionsofthe Euratom Community(6) A Scientific and Technical Committee is hereby set up; it shall be attached to the Commission and shall have advisory status.The Committee must be consulted where this Treaty so provides. The Committee may be consulted in all cases in which the Commission considers this appropriate. The Committee shall consist of 38 Members, appointed by the Council after consultation with the Commission. The Members of the Committee shall be appointed in their personal capacity for five years. Their appointment shall be renewable. They shall not be bound by any mandatory instructions. The Scientific and Technical Committee shall each year elect its chairman and officers from among its Members.

  22. Legislativeproceduresunderthe Euratom Treaty (1) Unlike most policy fields under the TFEU, where co-decision between the two equal legislators Council of Ministers and Parliament prevails [Article 189(1) TFEU], the EAEC – despite de juremaking the ordinary legislative procedure applicable (Article 106a Euratom Treaty) has de factokept the original 1957 balance of powers, in which the special legislative procedures (Articles 31, 32 and Article 79 of the Euratom Treaty), are maintained. Here, the Council legislates upon a proposal of the Commission. The Parliament and the Economic and Social Committee are only consulted.

  23. Legislativeproceduresunderthe Euratom Treaty(2) Article 31 (Safety and Health) The basic standards shall be worked out by the Commission after it has obtained the opinion of a group of persons appointed by the Scientific and Technical Committee from among scientific experts, and in particular public health experts, in the Member States. The Commission shall obtain the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee on these basic standards. After consulting the European Parliament the Council shall, on a proposal from the Commission, which shall forward to it the opinions obtained from these Committees, establish the basic standards; the Council shall act by a qualified majority.

  24. Legislativeproceduresunderthe Euratom Treaty(3) Artile 79 (Safeguards) The nature and the extent of the requirements referred to in the first paragraph of this Article shall be defined in a regulation made by the Commission and approved by the Council.

  25. Legislativeproceduresunderthe Euratom Treaty(4) Article 98 (Nuclearinsurance) Within two years of the entry into force of this Treaty, the Council, acting by a qualified majority on a proposal from the Commission, which shall first request the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee, shall, after consulting the European Parliament, issue directives for the application of this Article.

  26. Characteristicfeaturesofthe Euratom Treaty (1) • The Euratom Communityis a promotivecommunity. • The Euratom Communityis a static community. • The Euratom Communityis a flexiblecommunity.

  27. Characteristicfeaturesofthe Euratom Treaty(2) Article 76 (Common Supply Policy) Seven years after the entry into force of this Treaty, the Council may confirm these provisions in their entirety. Failing confirmation, new provisions relating to the subject matter of this Chapter shall be adopted in accordance with the procedure laid down in the preceding paragraph.

  28. Characteristicfeaturesofthe Euratom Treaty(3) Article 85 (Safueguards) Where new circumstances so require, the procedures for applying the safeguards laid down in this Chapter may, at the request of a Member State or of the Commission, be adapted by the Council, acting unanimously on a proposal from the Commission and after consulting the European Parliament. The Commission shall examine any such request made by a Member State.

  29. Characteristicfeaturesofthe Euratom Treaty(4) Article 90 (Propertyownership) Where new circumstances so require, the provisions of this Chapter relating to the Community's right of ownership may, at the request of a Member State or of the Commission, be adjusted by the Council, acting unanimously on a proposal from the Commission and after consulting the European Parliament. The Commission shall examine any such request made by a Member State.

  30. Characteristicfeaturesofthe Euratom Treaty(5) Article 197 ‘Source materials’ means uranium containing the mixture of isotopes occurring in nature; uranium whose content in uranium 235 is less than the normal; thorium; any of the foregoing in the form of metal, alloy, chemical compound or concentrate; any other substance containing one or more of the foregoing in such a concentration as shall be specified by the Council, acting by a qualified majority on a proposal from the Commission.

  31. The Second Five-Year Plan (1963 – 1967) Euratom’s problems and the dissension between the member states about its objectives escalated during the second five-year research programme (1962-67). The divergent interests of the member states became overtly irreconcilable.

  32. The Second Five-Year Plan (1963 – 1967) The divergent interests of the member states became overtly irreconcilable. The less developed nuclear states, the Netherlands and Italy, who had JNRC research centres located in their countries wanted an extension of JNRC research activities. The other three states, Belgium, Germany and France, all of who had relatively strong or rapidly developing national nuclear programmes, either wanted to limit or reduce JNRC research. They favoured ‘association contracts’, by which the Euratom research budget would fund research in national research centres rather than in JNRC research centres.

  33. The Second Five-Year Plan (1963 – 1967) Consequently, after 1962 Euratom was largely immobilised by acrimonious debates concerning the revision of the research budget with the ‘reactor war’ at its heart. Thus, in 1968, Euratom had to depend on a ‘stop-gap one year’ research budget amounting to half the 1967 amount. ‘Transitional’ or emergency one year budgets continued into the 1970s. Euratom had effectively failed in meeting its headline goals.

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