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European Energy Security

European Energy Security . EU Energy Regulation Business Forum 12/10/2013 European Union Studies Center at The Graduate Center, CUNY Mikolaj Jasiak , PhD candidate , Polish Academy of Sciences Fulbright Visiting Scholar at Pace University. European Energy Security .

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European Energy Security

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  1. EuropeanEnergy Security EU EnergyRegulation Business Forum 12/10/2013 European Union Studies Center at The Graduate Center, CUNY Mikolaj Jasiak, PhDcandidate, PolishAcademy of SciencesFulbright Visiting Scholar at Pace University

  2. EuropeanEnergy Security • I. THE NOTIONS OF ENERGY SECURITY AND SECURITY OF SUPPLY • II. EUROPE’S ENERGY MIX AND ENERGY DEPENDECY • III. ENERGY SECURITY POLICIES • IV. GAME CHANGERS • Q & A SESSION

  3. EuropeanEnergy Security • A word for introduction…. • How can the EU law and policy in the field of energysecuritycan be characterized? • Complicated • Placed on differentlevel of governance • Crisis – driven • Dominated by nationalpolicies • Much different from other EU policies?

  4. I. Energy Security • A broadnotion • Legal, political and business context • Many definitions • Differentmeaning from sector to sector (oil, gas, electricity)

  5. Energy Security – anumbrellanotion • Infrastructuresafety • Stableprices • Diversity of supply • Sustainability • Import independance • Nationalsecurity – source – related war and terrorismprevention • Availability of naturalresources • Access to newsources of energy

  6. Energy Security – definitions • References to the notion in the EU law, but no legaldefinition • Institutions: • „reliable supplies at a reasonable price” – Stockholm International PeaceResearchInstitute • „uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price” – International EnergyAgency • energy insecurity as “the loss of economic welfare that may occur as a result of a change in the price and availability of energy” – International EnergyAgency • „the reliable, stable and sustainable supply of energy at affordable pricesand at an acceptable social cost” – World Economic Forum Global Agenda Council on Energy Security

  7. Energy Security – functionalaspects • system security in terms of safety of network infrastructure • supply security in terms of guarantying the existence of adequate generation capacity • supply security in terms of the primary energy sources to generation

  8. Whatis the place of energysecurity the EU energy policy ?

  9. Triplechallenge • Internal Market • Interconnections (TEN-E) • European electricity and gas grid • Research and innovation • Clean coal • Carbon sequestration • Alternative fuels • Energy efficiency • Nuclear Competitiveness FULLY BALANCED INTEGRATED AND MUTUALLY REINFORCED Sustainable Development Security of supply • Renewable energy • Energy efficiency • Nuclear • Research and innovation • Emission trading • International Dialogue • European stock management (oil/gas) • Refining capacity and energy storage • Diversification of sources and routes

  10. How the energysecurityisperceived in the EU MemberStates?

  11. Legalframework • Article 194 of the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union 1. In the context of the establishment and functioning of the internal market and with regard for the need to preserve and improve the environment, Union policy on energy shall aim, in a spirit of solidarity between Member States, to: (a) ensure the functioning of the energy market; (b) ensure security of energy supply in the Union; (c) promote energy efficiency and energy saving and the development of new and renewable forms of energy; and (d) promote the interconnection of energy networks.

  12. Legalframework OIL: • Directive 2009/119/EC of 14 September 2009 imposing an obligation on Member States to maintain minimum stocks of crude oil and/or petroleum products GAS: • Regulation (EU) No 994/2010 concerning measures to safeguard security of gas supply and repealing Council Directive 2004/67/EC • Directive 2004/67/EC of 26 April 2004 concerning measures to safeguard security of natural gas supply

  13. II. Europe’senergy mix EU Energy in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2013http://ec.europa.eu/energy/publications/doc/2013_pocketbook.pdf

  14. II. Europe’senergydependency EU Energy in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2013http://ec.europa.eu/energy/publications/doc/2013_pocketbook.pdf

  15. II. Europe’senergydependency EU Energy in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2013http://ec.europa.eu/energy/publications/doc/2013_pocketbook.pdf

  16. II. Europe’strade partners and futureenergy mix EU Energy in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2013http://ec.europa.eu/energy/publications/doc/2013_pocketbook.pdf

  17. III. Energysecurity in the EU law and policies • Energysecurityis one of the regulatory goals of the EU • EU legislation on emergencystocks and emergencyplans • Energysecuirtyispresent in generalenergyregulation (not only the legislation on energysecurityper se) on electricity and nationalgas • Oilis not address by a general regime

  18. III. Energysecurity in EU law and policies • Internal market • Twomainrules of the interal market for energy: unbundling and TPA. Concept of TSOs • Certification of TSOs. Third countriesmay not own a TSO! –Lex Gazprom clause in the Gas Directive • Enforcement: EuropeanCommissionrecommnedationto: Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Hungary and Serbia (through the EnergyCommunity Charter)on SouthStreamproject with regard to unbundlingand TPA

  19. III. Energysecurity in EU law and policies • Competition law enforcement • EuropeanCommission 2012 anti – trust proceedingsagainstGazprom’sactivity in CEE under art. 102 of the Treaty – the abuse of dominant position (destinationclauses, take – or – payclause, unfairprices) • Previousanti – trust proceedingsagainst’sGazprom’sabusivepracitce in Italy (2003) and Austria (2005)

  20. III. Energysecurity in EU law and policies • Policies not aimedatenergysecuring, yetcontributing to it: • Renewables– the target of 20 % share of renewables in Europe’senergy mix • TranseuropeanEnergy Networks – TEN – E • Energyefficiency

  21. III. Energysecurity in EU law and policies • EnergyCommunityTreaty (2005) • Extention of Europeanlegal order in the energy field to neighbouringcountries, most notablyUkraine, Moldova and Serbia.

  22. Nationalenergysecurity: Poland • Construction of a new LNG terminal to import Qatarigas. Capacity to cover ca. 30 % of domesticdemand. • Construction of interconnections to Germany and Czech Republic. Imports of Russian (sic!) gas from Western direction. • Virtual reverseflow. Poland consumes Russian gaspurchased in Germany that Keyword: Infrastructure

  23. Nationalenergysecurity: the Netherlands • Expectedextinction of domesticgasresources • The most advancesgas exchange in Continental Europe. • The amount of gastradedat the Dutch Virtual Trading Hub – the TTF is much higherthandomesticdemand Gasroundabout policy • Leading Europe TSO active in pan – Europeanarrangements Keyword: Trade

  24. IV. Game changers • Shalegas • Pricepressure on globalgasmarkets (reduced by post – Fukushima policy) • Extraction of shalegas in the EU oritsnearestvicinity • Export of American gas to Europe enhanced by Transaltantic Trade and Investment Partnership

  25. IV. Game changers • Competition on the Europeangasmarkets • Increasedinterconnectivity • Priceconvergencebetweengas trading hubs • Market concentrationthroughmandatorybundlingof transit capacity and / oreverhighertransactioncosts • Lowgasprices – less investment in gasextraction and transit infrastructure – less competition in the long run • Priceliberalization on Russian domestic market

  26. IV. Game changers • Policy choices • Russia startssellingnaturalgas to China • Nuclearphase out • Rise of renewables • Moreambitiousclimatepolicies • Coalpolicies

  27. THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION ! mkjasiak@gmail.com CoEEnergyGroup: https://www.facebook.com/groups/469724819726700/ CoEEnergyGroup: http://www.linkedin.com/groups/CoE-Energy-Group

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