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Justice

Justice. Justice. Who is John Rawls? What kind of book did he publish and when? How does he combine the Unitarianism with those of the decontologhical positions of Kant and Ross? Explain his two principles of justice. Justice. Philosophical concerns about two kinds of justice:

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Justice

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  1. Justice

  2. Justice • Who is John Rawls? • What kind of book did he publish and when? • How does he combine the Unitarianism with those of the decontologhical positions of Kant and Ross? • Explain his two principles of justice.

  3. Justice • Philosophical concerns about two kinds of justice: Distributive Retributive Explain...

  4. Justice • Distributive justice concerns the distribution of goods in society. • Retributive justice concerns punishment for wrongdoing. Explain...

  5. Justice Distributive Each person has an equal right to the most extensive scheme of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar scheme of liberties for all.

  6. Justice Distributive Social and economic inequalities are to meet two conditions: They must be (a) to the greatest expected benefit of the least advantaged; (b) attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality and opportunity.

  7. Justice Retributive This kind of justice raises questions about what people deserve, only in this context we arbbe talking about the distribution of an evil - punishment - rather than a good (e.g., education).

  8. Justice • How did these two types of justice come to play in Herman Melville’s • “Billy Budd”? • Who was: Billy Budd? Captain Vere?

  9. Justice • Rawls gives special priority to liberty. Therefore, basic liberties may have a different worth for some people. Is this notion of the worth of freedom the same as positive freedom?

  10. Justice • Suppose Freedom is not worth much to a person, say a poor person, yet that person lives in a society with basic constitutional rights. Is it fair to say that the person lives in a free society?

  11. Justice • Rawls suggest that a free society should be judged by how well the least well-off class does. Is this an appropriate standard? Why or why not?

  12. Justice • Rawls argues that there should be a fair distribution of basic social goods - medical care, education, etc. Well, what rights do citizens have to medical benefits? Should all citizens be entitled to a kidney transplant, if they need one? Should alcoholics have as much right to available livers as children?

  13. Justice • Is it possible for free and rational persons in the original position to agree upon different principles that those given by Rawls? • Why wouldn’t they agree to an equal distribution of wealth and income rather than an equal distribution?

  14. Justice • That is, why wouldn’t they adopt socialism rather than capitalism? • Isn’t socialism just as rational as capitalism?

  15. Justice • “Whoever has committed murder must die.” Do you agree with this statement? Explain your views.

  16. Justice • Punishment has been justified on a number of different grounds. Some philosophers believe that punishment is justified just in so far as it deters people from committing crimes; other believe that only those forms of punishment that can rehabilitate a criminal are justified. Do you find either of these justifications compelling?

  17. Justice • Rawls thinks that all there is to political justification is that reasonable people would agree in the conditions he specifies. Any principles chosen in the original position (from behind the veil of ignorance) would be justified, and so any state that ran according to those principles would be justified.

  18. Justice • Rawls thinks that the device of the veil of ignorance accommodates the facts of difference and does so fairly. Since we do not know whether we will healthy or ill, rich or poor, black or white, we will choose principles that we think are fairest for all. Do your agree?

  19. Justice • Lets look at two extremes regarding distributive justice, where distributive justice is simply a theory about how the “goodies” of society (wealth, rights, liberties, and opportunities) are divided up. A: Everyone takes what he wants, by force if necessary. B: Everyone gets exactly the same share.

  20. Justice Locke’s Theory of distributive justice - a theory about property is this: “Everyone is entitled to that with he mixes his labors, provided that it doesn’t already belong to someone else, and provides that he leaves good and enough for others.” Is this acceptable to you?

  21. Justice • Can we agree? …is it fair that people get what they deserve: that they are rewarded for good things they are responsible for and that they are punished for bad things they are responsible for. But we tend to think it is not fair for people to be disadvantaged through no fault of their own, or for people to be rewarded for no efforts of their own.

  22. Justice • Can we agree with Rawls two proposed principles of justice? Rawls thinks that reasonable people reasoning from behind the veil of ignorance would unanimously choose these two principles. Because they would be chosen, the principles would be justified.

  23. Justice • Reading assignment for next class: Ethics and Moral Reasoning for Naval Leaders Lessons 23 and 24 pages 23/24-1 to 23/24-21 Fundamentals of Naval Leadership Lesson 13/Chapter VI pages 13-65 to 13-68

  24. Justice The Death of a Marine “Three Marines will be court-martialed, and two have been relieved of their commands, in connection with the disappearance of a 19 year-old rifleman who was left behind in the desert and has never been found.” -- Marine spokesman, December 1988 Navy Times article

  25. Justice • Having completed basic training, LCpl Rother reported to Battalion Landing Team 3/2 (BLT) and was assigned to the First Squad, second Platoon, Company E, on 10 July 1988. • The BLT was preparing for training in the desert and on 8 August, Company E received a class on the “introduction to desert survival.” The purpose was ...

  26. Justice • Rifle Company • Headquarters • 3 Rifle Platoons Per Co • 3 Squads Per Plt. • 3 Fire Teams Per Squad • 1 Weapons Platoon Per Co.

  27. Justice • Kilo Rifle Company Members • Commanding Officer Capt. Henderson • 2nd Platoon Commander 1Lt. Johnson • 2nd Platoon Sergeant Sgt. Clyde • 1st Squad Leader Sgt. Turnell • Fire Team Member LCpl. Rother

  28. Justice • Captain Edwards, the Battalion Logistics Officer, was tasked with picking up check point route guides with the last vehicle in the logistics train. Earlier that day he asked 1st Lieutenant Lawson to provide him with a by name roster of those Marines he would be picking up at the check points.

  29. Justice • 1st Lt. Lawson had filled only eight of the 14 route guide billets as the required departure time elapsed. Darkness was approaching and Major Holm, the Battalion XO, was concerned at the possible delay to the operation. AT this point Major Holm confronted 1st Lt. Lawson saying, “It’s almost dark; what are you still doing here?”

  30. Justice • At Check point #1, LCpl Rother and LCpl Key dismounted the vehicle. 1Lt. Lawson directed LCpl Key to board the vehicle, explaining that each post would have only one Marine. Another passenger, LCpl Adam so reminded the lieutenant that the XO had specifically directed the Marines to be posted in pairs. The lieutenant replied, “I’m the lieutenant and you’re the LCpl.” The LCpl ceased protest, and LCpl Key boarded.

  31. Justice • Many drivers were operating at high speeds …these high speeds created a lot of dust that restricted visibility. One road guard said that just before he was picked up he could see Rother’s chemlite, but the Plt. Sgt did not see it. LCpl Key boarded the recovery vehicle alone, and did not indicate to anyone that the road guard with whom he was to be paired was not among them. The assumption…aboard another vehicle.

  32. Justice • LCpl Rother’s absence from camp was questioned by his Platoon Commander 1st Lt. Johnson, but the Platoon Sgt. Clyde, had said that LCpl Rother was still on route guide detail. He and Sgt. Turnell, Rother’s squad leader knew Rother did not return with his four-man fire team and believed he was assigned to another detail and that accounted for his absence.

  33. Justice • On the morning of 1 September, Sgt Clyde, the Platoon Sgt submitted an “all present” platoon report. That evening, the acting squad leader mentioned to the Platoon Sgt that LCpl Rother had not been seen all day. The Company Gunnery Sgt was informed … notified the chain-of-command…a search was underway.

  34. Justice • Discuss Case Studies: Briefed Attitude Reveille

  35. Virtue(reading assignment next lesson) Ethics for Military Leaders Topic 8: Virtue pages 235 - 281 Ethics and Moral Reasoning for Naval Leaders Lessons 9 - 11 pages 9-1 - 11-4 (continued on next slide)

  36. Virtue(reading assignment next lesson) Fundamentals of Naval Leadership I Lesson 9 pages 9-1 to 9-18 Naval Leadership Voices of Experience The Components of Integrity pages 23 - 26

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