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Understanding Transphobia: Forms, Impacts, and the Denial of Authenticity

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This work by Dr. Talia Mae Bettcher delves into the multifaceted nature of transphobia, presenting alarming statistics on violence and hate crimes against transgender individuals. It explores the complexities of gender identity, challenging the perceptions of 'gender-bending' versus conformity. By identifying various forms of transphobia, including denial of authenticity and victim-blaming, it highlights the broader social contexts of oppression that impact the trans community. The research emphasizes the need for awareness and inclusivity in discourse about gender identity.

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Understanding Transphobia: Forms, Impacts, and the Denial of Authenticity

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  1. Transphobia Talia Mae Bettcher, Ph.D.

  2. Some Preliminary Data • approximately 50% report history of unwanted or forced sex • approximately 50% report history of physical violence • NCAVP reports average of 215 anti-trans hate crimes per year • Remembering our Dead has tracked 350 trans people who were murdered

  3. Transphobia cannot be abstracted from other forms of oppression.

  4. specificity • QUESTION: Is a trans woman who presents and lives as a woman “gender-bending”, or is she following gender norms? • QUESTION: Who decides?

  5. The idea that trans people transgress gender norms can constitute a transphobic the identities of soinvalidation of me trans people.

  6. Types of Transphobia • different forms of transphobia apply to different groups of trans people • different forms of transphobia occur in different forms of discourse and social context

  7. Basic Denial of Authenticity

  8. I. Identity Enforcement You say I’m a man… I say I’m a woman You say I’m a woman… I say I’m a man I say I’m neither – or both… you say I have to choose. • enforcement of the meaning of words • enforcement of the meaning of bodies Basic Denial of Authenticity

  9. II. Appearance/Reality Contrast • really a so-and-so disguised as a such-and-such • living as a woman although “biologically male” • discovered to be “anatomically” such-and-such • “I never would have known you’re transgender…” Basic Denial of Authenticity

  10. III. Genital Verification • Extreme cases: • inappropriate touching • Forced exposure • Sneaky cases: • “have you had ‘the surgery’ yet?” • “are you a man or a woman?” • “discovered to be transgender” Basic Denial of Authenticity

  11. IV. Double Bind • hallmark of oppression: DAMNED IF YOU DO, DAMNED IF YOU DON’T • evil deceivers vs. make-believers Basic Denial of Authenticity

  12. V. Sexual violence as punishment • rape • other forms of sexual humiliation Basic Denial of Authenticity

  13. VI. Blaming the victim • “He (or she) tricked me” • moral invalidation; accusations of wrong-doing • equation of “sexual deception” with rape Basic Denial of Authenticity

  14. A Philosophical Story • gender presentation is taken to communicate genital status • gender is a mandatory system of sexual violence • trans people resist this system.

  15. Larger Oppressive Context • BDA occurs within a larger system of sexist oppression and sexual violence against women • BDA occurs within a larger system racial oppression and racialized sexual violence

  16. Concerns • trans people may uptake harmful behavior to “prove” their reality • external pressure to “pass”: quadruple-binds • transphobia within trans community: “real-er than thou”

  17. contact Dr. Talia Mae Bettcher tbettch@calstatela.edu Susan Forrest sforrest@bhs-inc.org

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