The Semiconductor Industry Development Bassam Shamoun Applied Materials Company

1. The Semiconductor Industry Development Bassam Shamoun Applied Materials Company 26460 Corporate Avenue Hayward, CA 94545 November 17, 2003

2. Presentation Outline • Birth of semiconductor industry • The industry evolution • Advancements • Conception of first computer • Development of first electronic computer • Computer revolution • Development of transistor • Development of integrated circuit • Chip manufacturing • Future computers

3. Technology Breakthroughs Technological Breakthroughs • Significant technological breakthroughs usually results from seeking a solution to a problem.

4. Birth of Semiconductor Industry • In 1890 U.S. census faced a serious problem. The Census Bureau predicted the time to condense and correlate the collected data by manual tabulation to be 10 years. • Since the length of time was not acceptable, the Census Bureau had to sponsor a contest for a new method of processing census data.

5. Birth of Semiconductor Industry (continues) • Herman Hollerith submitted his winning invention of a mechanical tabulating (card punching) machine driven by electrical motor, which completed processing census data in 6 weeks. • Mr. Hollerith went on and formed Tabulating Machine Company, which evolved into International Business Machines Corp. (IBM). Card-punch machine

6. The Industry Evolution The Original Telegraph Machine • The computation technology continued to progress in the 1930s with the development of “computers” using electro-mechanical switches used in telegraphs.

7. AdvancementsThe Conception of First Computer • From Charles Babbage (English investor) 1830’s idea, the First computer (Mark I) was conceived. • Mark I was based on electromechanical relays, The work was initiated by Harvard University under the direction of Howard Aiken in 1941. Mark I had special programs to handle logarithms and trigonometric functions. • Mathematicians were amazed at the power of the Mark I, as it could, in one day, complete the task it would take a man six months. Mark I Calculator

8. Advancements The Development of First Electronic Computer ENIAC occupied ~3000 ft2, weighed 50 tones, generated large quantities of heat, required the service of small power station and cost $500,000. • During world war II intelligent machines were developed to crack secret codes. • In 1946, The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), under the direction of J.P. Eckert and John Mauchly of the University of Pennsylvania, was the first digital computer built.

9. Advancements The Computer Revolution Continued • ENIAC was a thousand times faster than any previous machine; however, it required a constant monitoring. • Mauchly and Eckert sold out the company to Remington Rand, of substantial financial resources. Rand’s completed their first project UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer), which made the computer "automatic " • UNIVAC was was delivered to the Census Bureau in March of 1951. UNIVAC

10. 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 The Computer Advancement Continued • The development of the "stored memory“ in the UNIVAC prompted Grace Hopper, a naval engineer, to begin work on a program which converted english to binary, the computer language today. • As a result, people would no longer have to use "machine language” in writing programs, which sped up the programming by enormous amounts. Binary System

11. The Computer RevolutionDevelopment of Transistor First transistor built on workbench at Bell laboratories. • In 1945, three engineers from Bell Lab (William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain) revolutionized the world of computers by developing a small, more efficient device of transferring electrical impulses. • The transistor replaced the previous vacuum tube, which was the base of all computers, and electronic equipment. • This technology gave birth to the Integrated Circuit, making the market for Personal Computer to take off. This transistor was possibly the first ever commercially available

12. The Computer RevolutionDevelopment of Integrated Circuit (IC) • The dominance of discrete devices in solid-state came to an end in 1959 when Jack Kilby, a new engineer at Texas Instrument in Dallas, Texas formed a complete circuit on a single piece of semiconductor material, germanium, combining several components in one called Integrated Circuit (IC). Kilby's invention revolutionized the electronics industry. Kilby’s first IC

13. The Computer RevolutionDevelopment of Integrated Circuit (IC) continued • Separate but dense circuit wires were used to test chip designs of electronic components before a prototype is etched into a silicon wafer and interconnects. Interconnects etched into a Si-wafer. Connection through wires.

14. How Computer Chips are Manufactured? Materials preparation Crystal Growth & Wafer Prep Sand Wafer Fabrication Packaging

15. Manufacturing of Computer Chip (continued) Mask Production System. SCALPEL Mask Pattern Generator E-Beam Mask Pattern Generator

16. Manufacturing of Computer Chip Wafer Production System.

17. Manufacturing of computer chip Wafer Production System.

18. Future Computers