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Life In the Emerging Urban Society. Industry and the Growth of Cities: - Since the Middle Ages, European cities has been the center of government, culture, and large scale commerce.
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Industry and the Growth of Cities: - Since the Middle Ages, European cities has been the center of government, culture, and large scale commerce. -Lack of medical knowledge, and deadly overcrowding are some of the main causes of the the poor quality of the urban life. -A typical city had always been a “walking city.” Unsanitary and unhealthy areas of the cities: -The open drains and sewers flowed down the sides and center of unpaved streets. - More than 10 people occupy one room. -Overflowed sewages seeped into living cellars.
The Public Health and Bacterial Revolution: -Edwin Chadwick was one of Britain’s famous reformers who wanted to the clean up the urban environment. -The miasmatic theory of disease caused the people to believe that people can get ill just by inhaling bad odors of decay and putrefying excrement. -Louis Pasteurdiscovered that most infectious diseases are caused by germs, known as the “Germ Theory.” -Joseph Lister stated that a chemical disinfectant applied to a wound dressing would “destroy the life of the floating particles.”
Urban Planning and Public Transportation -During the 19th century, urban planning was a major key to a better quality of urban life. -Reconstructing Paris provided a new model for urban planning and stimulated modern urbanism throughout Europe, particularly after 1870. -The development of of mass public transportation often accompanied urban planning, greatly enhancing urban living conditions. • The Changing Family: • Premarital sex and Marriage -By 1850 the traditional courtship and mercenary marriage was quite different from the preindustrial pattern. -Middle class men waited to get married until they were economically stable.
-During 19th century sexual experimentation before marriage also triumphed. • Kinship Ties -Within the working-class homes, ties to relatives after marriage kinship ties were generally very strong -People turned to their families for help in coping with sickness, unemployment, death and old age. -Members of a large family group often lived in the same neighborhood, and most of the time they share Sunday dinners, outgrown clothing, and useful information.
Gender Roles and Early Feminism: -The status of women changed during the 19th century, particularly for married women. -The division of labor became more defined by gender. -With all the women facing discrimination, some rebelled and began the long continuing fight for equality of the sexes and and the rights of the women. • Child Rearing: -Throughout the century, attitudes toward the children also changed. -Some mothers in pre industrial western society avoided making strong emotional commitments to their newborns. -Women became better mothers as the baby became more important. -European Women began to limit the number of children they bore in order to care adequately for those they had.
Triumph of Science in Industry -In the late 19th century, scientific thought expanded quickly and literature shifted from romanticism to realism. -The breakthrough in Industrial technology stimulated basic scientific inquiry resulting in an exponential increase of fundamental scientific discoveries. • Darwin and Natural Selection -Scientific research also progressed rapidly outside of the world of industry and technology, and it sometimes directly challenged traditional beliefs. -Darwin carefully collected specimens of different animal species during a scientific voyage and concluded that all life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin in an unending “struggle for survival.”
Vocabs • Germ Theory – The idea that disease was caused by the spread of living organisms that could be controlled. • Louis Pasteur - discovered that most infectious diseases are caused by germs, known as the “Germ Theory.” • Thermodynamics – A branch of physics built on Newton’s laws of mechanics that investigated the relationship between heat and mechanical energy. • Second Industrial Revolution – The burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation that promoted strong economic growth toward the end of the 19th century.
________ _________ discovered the most infectious diseases that are cause by germs, known as the • _____ _____ • T/F Thermodynamics means a branch of physics built on Newton’s laws of mechanics that investigated the relationship between heat and mechanical energy. • Define the Second Industrial Revolution.
