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Chapter 13:

Chapter 13:. Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood. In This Chapter. Physical Functioning Types of Aging. Definitions Primary aging: Gradual and inevitable process of bodily deterioration throughout life

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Chapter 13:

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  1. Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood

  2. In This Chapter

  3. Physical FunctioningTypes of Aging Definitions Primary aging: Gradual and inevitable process of bodily deterioration throughout life Secondary aging: Preventable processes from disease and poor health practices

  4. Physical FunctioningAging and Health Health difference Income-related variations in social environments and individual behavior Many of the same factors contribute to economic differences and health habits Links between social class and secondary aging complex

  5. The Brain and Nervous SystemEarly Adulthood Growth spurts in brain Response inhibition cortex control of limbic system New neuronal production

  6. The Brain and Nervous SystemEarly Adulthood Speed Gradual loss of speed Every bodily function affected Gradual changes at neuronal level

  7. The Brain and Nervous SystemEarly Adulthood Sex Differences Men: lower proportion of white matter in left brain hemisphere than in right Women: equal portions of gray matter in each brain hemisphere

  8. The Brain and Nervous SystemEarly Adulthood ____________________ is associated with individual differences in performance on verbal tasks for males, but not for females. Do you know?

  9. The Brain and Nervous SystemEarly Adulthood General Physical Skills Better physical skills on all measures when compared to older adults Can you hypothesize what some of these measures might be?

  10. Other Body SystemsEarly Adulthood Declines Physical Functioning Changes are balanced between physical demand and physical capacity Losses that appear later in life start in early adulthood

  11. Other Body SystemsEarly Adulthood Heart and Lungs Systematic decline with age of Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) Reflects cumulative effects of sedentary lifestyle Aerobic exercise can improve VO2max at nearly any age

  12. Other Body SystemsEarly Adulthood Physical Functioning Strength and Speed • Strength peaks in the 20s and early 30s • Active lifestyles affect functioning Reproductive Capacity • Women’s reproductive capacity begins to drop in mid-20s • Men’s capacity diminishes but remains intact

  13. Figure 13.1 Changes in Grip Strength UPDATE TO COME

  14. Physical FunctioningEarly Adulthood Immune System Functioning Thymus gland and bone marrow produce B cells and T cells • B cells produce antibodies to fight off external threats • T cells defend against internal threats, such as transplanted organs, cancer cells, and viruses

  15. True or False? One of the key physical changes over the years of adulthood is increasing susceptibility to disease.

  16. Physical FunctioningEarly Adulthood Thymus gland: Glandular organ at base of the neck that produces lymphocytes and aids in producing immunity; atrophies with age Central to aging process Declines in immune system may be in response to stress or depression

  17. Health and WellnessHealth Habits and Personal Factors Healthy Habits

  18. Health and WellnessHealthy Habits and Risk of Death Only five habits on the previous slide are independently related to risk of death. Can you guess which two habits were unrelated to mortality?

  19. Health and WellnessHealth Habits and Personal Factors Unhealthy Habits Poorer health habits lead to higher risk Lack of physical exercise linked to higher risk of death Higher BMI in women associated with higher risks of death

  20. Health Habits and Personal Factors Social Support Positive Effects Adequate amounts of social support lower risk of disease, death, and depression Effects found across diverse age groups May boost immune system functioning

  21. Health Habits and Personal Factors A Sense of Control: Perceived Control Perceived Control Self-efficacy: Belief in ability to perform some action or to control behavior or environment to reach some goal Internal locus of control: Attribute cause of many consequences to self, not external factors

  22. Health and WellnessSexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) Bacterial STDs: Caused by microorganisms that can be eradicated with antibiotics Chlamydia Gonorrhea Syphilis

  23. Health and WellnessSexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) Viral STDs: Caused by viruses and considered incurable Genital herpes Genital warts HIV/AIDS

  24. Health and WellnessCheck Your Knowledge! Take the Mayo Clinic’s STD Quiz on page 344. Were you surprised by your score?

  25. Health and WellnessSexually Transmitted Diseases Prevention Prevention: Behavioral changes • Less risky sexual behavior • Use of condoms

  26. Health and WellnessIntimate Partner Abuse: Prevalence Physical abuse: Physical or other behavior designed to intimidate or harm an intimate partner or former partner Prevalence What is the rate of female physical abuse? Let’s find out.

  27. Figure 13.2 Worldwide Rates of Female Physical Abuse

  28. Health and WellnessIntimate Partner Abuse: Causes Characteristics of abusers and victims associated with intimate partner abuse • Cultural attitudes • Gender-role prescriptions • Personality traits • Gender differences

  29. Health and WellnessIntimate Partner Abuse: Victims Abuse victims’ characteristics

  30. Health and WellnessIntimate Partner Abuse: Effects Effects of abuse • Women may develop anxiety, depression, shame, and low self-esteem • Witnessing abuse influences negative developmental outcomes in children

  31. Health and WellnessIntimate Partner Abuse: Prevention Prevention • Vigorous law enforcement of abuse • Temporary shelters • Training programs for victims stressing problem-solving skills to provide opportunities • Community-wide and school-based approaches to educate about abuse

  32. Stop and Think Some experts have proposed that date rape may be more traumatic than rapes perpetrated by strangers. Do you know why?

  33. Health and WellnessIntimate Partner Abuse: Sexual Violence Sexual violence: Episodes of partner abuse in which an individual uses force to coerce another into engaging in sexual acts • Context • Victim gender • Consequences

  34. Health and WellnessMental Health Problems: Causes Causes of mental health problems • Age • Expectations and role conflicts • Biological causes • Interaction of biology and environment

  35. Health and WellnessAnxiety and Mood Disorders Top Two! Disorders Anxiety Depression • Most common mental disorder are those associated with fear and anxiety • Second most common types are problems associated with moods

  36. Health and WellnessPersonality Disorders Personality disorders: Inflexible pattern of behavior that leads to difficulties in social, educational, and occupational functioning Behaviors start in mid- or late adolescence but can remain problematic throughout life See Table 13.4

  37. Health and WellnessPersonality Disorders Schizophrenia: Mental disorder that makes it difficult to tell the difference between real and unreal experiences, to think logically, to have normal emotional responses, and to behave normally in social situations Characterized by false beliefs (delusions) and false sensory experiences (hallucinations)

  38. Health and WellnessSubstance Use and Abuse Overview Quick Facts • Peak between 18 and 40 • Gender differences • Binge drinking common among college students • Physical and psychological dependence and physical tolerance may occur

  39. Health and WellnessSubstance Use and Abuse Factors Influencing Addictive Potential of Drugs

  40. Cognitive ChangesPost-Format Thought Post-formal thought: Thinking characterized by an understanding of the relative, nonabsolute nature of knowledge • Labouvie-Vief, Kohlberg, William Perry Dialectical thought: Ability to think logically and critically in order to assess and evaluate propositions • Basseches

  41. Cognitive ChangesPost-Format Thought Reflective Judgment Model: Stage model characterized by seven distinct but developmentally related sets of assumptions about process of knowing and its acquisition King and Kitchener • Analyze arguments and underlying assumptions

  42. Cognitive ChangesFormal Operations and Beyond Intelligence

  43. Figure 13.3 Seattle Data on IQ Scores Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Data on IQ Scores

  44. Post-Secondary EducationImpact Post-secondary education: Any kind of formal schooling following high school • Developmental impact • Social impact

  45. Figure 13.4 U.S. College Completion Rates

  46. Traditional Post-Secondary Education Traditional and Nontraditional Students Let’s list the ways in which traditional and non-traditional students are alike—and different.

  47. And so? Imagine you are assigned to complete a group project in this class. There are 4 traditional and 2 non-traditional students in your group. What are your expectations for each of these categories of students? What contributed most to your expectations?

  48. Post-Secondary EducationStudents with Disabilities Requirement • Post-secondary education now required to serve all people with disabilities (IDEA) Incidence Performance and perception

  49. Gender and the College Experience Female college students Higher graduation rates Study more Lower entrance exam scores Lower entrance into prestigious programs Party less and influenced less by peer pressure

  50. Race and the College Experience Graduation rates vary across U.S. ethnic groups White or Asian American African American Hispanic American students

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