Case study #3: Gender and Climate Change

1. Case study #3: Gender and Climate Change CED 410: The Global Seminar Spring 2015 Emily J. Wornell

2. What is gender mainstreaming?

3. What is gender mainstreaming? “… strategy for making women’s as well as men’s concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of the policies and programmmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated.” -UN Economic and Social Council, 1997

4. What is gender mainstreaming? • Gender is considered at every stage of the policy or program process • Purpose • Inequality isn’t perpetuated • Gender equality • Required for all UN policies and programs • Including REDD+ “… strategy for making women’s as well as men’s concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of the policies and programmmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated.” -UN Economic and Social Council, 1997

5. What is gender mainstreaming? • Gender is considered at every stage of the policy or program process • Purpose • Inequality isn’t perpetuated • Gender equality • Required for all UN policies and programs • Including REDD+ Legal basis in international human rights treaties • Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEFDAW) • UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People • Cancun Agreement • Particularly for REDD+

6. What is gender mainstreaming? • Gender is considered at every stage of the policy or program process • Purpose • Inequality isn’t perpetuated • Gender equality • Required for all UN policies and programs • Including REDD+ Legal basis in international human rights treaties Safeguards in REDD+: Do no harm • Ensuring consistency between REDD+, national and international policies • Developing transparent and effective national governance structures • Respecting knowledge and rights of indigenous people and local community members • Striving for full and effective participation of relevant stakeholders, esp. women and youth • Conservation environment and biodiversity, and enhancement of social benefits • Supporting actions that reduce risk of reversals and displacing emissions

7. What is gender mainstreaming? • Gender is considered at every stage of the policy or program process • Purpose • Inequality isn’t perpetuated • Gender equality • Required for all UN policies and programs • Including REDD+ Legal basis in international human rights treaties Safeguards in REDD+ • Ensuring consistency between REDD+, national and international policies • Developing transparent and effective national governance structures • Respecting knowledge and rights of indigenous people and local community members • Striving for full and effective participation of relevant stakeholders, esp. women and youth • Conservation environment and biodiversity, and enhancement of social benefits • Supporting actions that reduce risk of reversals and displacing emissions

8. What is gender mainstreaming? • Gender is considered at every stage of the policy or program process • Purpose • Inequality isn’t perpetuated • Gender equality • Required for all UN policies and programs • Including REDD+ Legal basis in international human rights treaties Safeguards in REDD+ • Strengths and challenges to safeguards • Different sets of safeguards for different projects • Flexibility for “country-driven implementation at a national level” • Creates confusion over which set of safeguards to use • Implementation of safeguards isn’t well monitored • To be funded by UN-REDD, safeguards have to promote gender equality and protect the well-being of stakeholders, esp. marginalized

9. Why gender mainstreaming? 2 approaches to understanding the need for GM 1. Human rights approach Gender equality is a basic human right

10. Why gender mainstreaming? 2 approaches to understanding the need for GM 1. Human rights approach Gender equality is a basic human right 2. Business approach Increased efficiency Increased efficacy • Reduction of transaction costs • Reduction of GHG emissions Increased sustainability • Ensuring permanence of projects • Reducing risk of reversals

11. Why gender mainstreaming? 2 approaches to understanding the need for GM • Business approach: 5 components • Stakeholder engagement • Property rights, land, and resource tenure • Ensuring multiple benefits of forests and REDD+ • Transparent, equitable, and accountable management of REDD+ funds • Links to inclusive growth and green development

12. Why gender mainstreaming? 2 approaches to understanding the need for GM • Business approach: 5 components • Stakeholder engagement • Recognizing women as primary forest users • Involving women in decision-making • Addresses practical & strategic needs • Greater uptake of behavioral shifts • Sustained change in forest resource usage • Sustainability of REDD+ projects • Property rights, land, and resource tenure • Ensuring multiple benefits of forests and REDD+ • Transparent, equitable, and accountable management of REDD+ funds • Links to inclusive growth and green development

13. Why gender mainstreaming? 2 approaches to understanding the need for GM • Business approach: 5 components • Stakeholder engagement • Property rights, land, and resource tenure • “No rights, no REDD!” • Alignment of incentives for investors and local communities • Tenurial security for everyone, especially women • Ensuring multiple benefits of forests and REDD+ • Transparent, equitable, and accountable management of REDD+ funds • Links to inclusive growth and green development

14. Why gender mainstreaming? 2 approaches to understanding the need for GM • Business approach: 5 components • Stakeholder engagement • Property rights, land, and resource tenure • Ensuring multiple benefits of forests and REDD+ • Ecosystem-based benefits • Payment for ecosystem services (PES) • Direct cash payment to women for management work they already do • Increases bargaining power in home • Improves allocation of resources • Lessens probability of resorting to negative coping mechanism • Transparent, equitable, and accountable management of REDD+ funds • Links to inclusive growth and green development

15. Why gender mainstreaming? 2 approaches to understanding the need for GM • Business approach: 5 components • Stakeholder engagement • Property rights, land, and resource tenure • Ensuring multiple benefits of forests and REDD+ • Transparent, equitable, and accountable management of REDD+ funds • Corruption impacts wo/men differently • Access to services • Justice and security • Capacity to engage in decision-making • Money earmarked for women may be more likely to be subsumed by powerful elites • Need more accountability and a safe mechanism to redress grievances • Links to inclusive growth and green development

16. Why gender mainstreaming? 2 approaches to understanding the need for GM • Business approach: 5 components • Stakeholder engagement • Property rights, land, and resource tenure • Ensuring multiple benefits of forests and REDD+ • Transparent, equitable, and accountable management of REDD+ funds • Links to inclusive growth and green development • Aim to sustain and advance economic, environmental, and social wellbeing together • REDD+ as a job creation mechanism • Targeting women and strengthening their role in the community • Properly valuing the work of women

17. How to do gender mainstreaming?

18. How to do gender mainstreaming? Presence + Participation + Decision-Making Presence = gender disaggregated data Participation = concerted effort to include women Decision-making = representation

19. How to do gender mainstreaming? Presence + Participation + Decision-Making • Presence = gender disaggregated data • Gender assessments • Gender-sensitive budgeting • Gender audits • Participation = concerted effort to include women • Decision-making = representation

20. How to do gender mainstreaming? Presence + Participation + Decision-Making • Presence = gender disaggregated data • Participation = concerted effort to include women • Local expectations of roles and responsibilities • Power dynamics • Women-only interviews and focus groups • Full participation without pressure of gender norms and expectations • Decision-making = representation

21. How to do gender mainstreaming? Presence + Participation + Decision-Making • Presence = gender disaggregated data • Participation = concerted effort to include women • Decision-making = representation • Gender-sensitive institutional reform • Women in the process • Process reflect gender equality • Sensitization and capacity building for principles of gender equality • Local, national, international • Sensitization and capacity building of women on effective political participation • What are their rights and how to use them

22. Is gender mainstreaming working? • CIFOR: Global Comparative Study on REDD+ in Early Project Implementation • Methodology • Focus groups with women separately and with men and women • 77 villages • 20 REDD+ sites • 6 countries • Brazil • Cameroon • Indonesia • Peru • Tanzania • Viet Nam

23. Is gender mainstreaming working? • CIFOR: Global Comparative Study on REDD+ in Early Project Implementation • Methodology • Findings • Basic knowledge of REDD+ • Women 41% • Men 67% • Involved in implementation decision process • Women 43% • Men 55% • Involved in design or implementation • Women 30% • Men 33%

24. Is gender mainstreaming working? • CIFOR: Global Comparative Study on REDD+ in Early Project Implementation • Methodology • Findings • Basic knowledge of REDD+ • Women’s participation not correlated with position in the community • 64% women are well represented in important community decisions • 65% feel personally able to influence decisions • 79% women participate actively in meetings

25. Is gender mainstreaming working? • CIFOR: Global Comparative Study on REDD+ in Early Project Implementation • Methodology • Findings • Basic knowledge of REDD+ • Women’s participation not correlated with position in the community • Implementing agencies’ goal of gender equity doesn’t increase knowledge or participation

26. Is gender mainstreaming working? • CIFOR: Global Comparative Study on REDD+ in Early Project Implementation • Methodology • Findings • Basic knowledge of REDD+ • Women’s participation not correlated with position in the community • Implementing agencies’ goal of gender equity doesn’t increase knowledge or participation • “Even REDD+ policymakers and proponents sensitive to the needs of forest-based peoples may fail to understand women’s specific needs related to forest and REDD+ policies.”

27. Challenges for gender mainstreaming • Complex gender issues + complex climate change issues • Gender mainstream is a complex concept • Local engagement • Roles, responsibilities • Power distribution • Barriers to participation • REDD+ is a complex intervention program • Technical expertise and knowledge

28. Challenges for gender mainstreaming • Complex gender issues + complex climate change issues • Gender mainstream is a complex concept • Local engagement • Roles, responsibilities • Power distribution • Barriers to participation • REDD+ is a complex intervention program • Technical expertise and knowledge • One expert in both? Separate experts in each? • How do they talk to each other?

29. Challenges for gender mainstreaming • Complex gender issues + complex climate change issues • Gender mainstream is a complex concept • Local engagement • Roles, responsibilities • Power distribution • Barriers to participation • REDD+ is a complex intervention program • Technical expertise and knowledge • One expert in both? Separate experts in each? • How do they talk to each other? • Confusion abounds! • What is gender? • What is the importance of addressing gender? • What is gender mainstreaming mean? • How do you implement gender mainstreaming?