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Venezuelan Political Venezuelan Party System (1958 - 2011):

This article discusses the evolution of the Venezuelan political party system from a multi-party system in the years 1958-1973 to the rise of Bolivarianismo. It explores the key parties, leaders, divisions, and challenges faced during this period. The article also delves into the impact of the Petro-bonanza era, the decline of the extended bi-party system, and the emergence of the Movement for a Fifth Republic (MVR) under Hugo Chávez. It concludes with the deinstitutionalization of opposition parties and the creation of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) in 2007-08.

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Venezuelan Political Venezuelan Party System (1958 - 2011):

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  1. Core of Punto Fijo - Peripheral to Bolivarianismo Venezuelan Political Venezuelan Party System (1958 - 2011):

  2. Multi-Party System (1958 – 1973) • Acción Democrática • COPEI • Radical Left • PCV • Guerrillas • Personalistic Movements • URD • Larrazabal • Villalba • FND

  3. ACCIÓN DEMOCRÁTICA • Impact of a decade in the Resistance • First round of divisions from the “Old Guard” • Calming impact of the Leoni coalition • The Split of December 1967

  4. Rómulo Betancourt:Founder of AD

  5. COPEI • The party grows under two AD governments • Party growth during the first Caldera government (1969-73) • Struggle to control COPEI • The Herrera Challenge • Rafael Caldera’s domination of the party

  6. Rafael Caldera: Founder of COPEI

  7. MILITANT LEFT • The Communists and their dance with the MIR (Movimiento de la Izquierda Revolucionario) • The Prague Spring leads to division and weakening of the PCV • Emergence of the MAS (Movimiento hacia el Socialismo) • CAUSA R

  8. Personalistic Movements Military Junta: January 1958 • Admiral Larrazabal • Truncated association with URD • Popular Democratic Force in 1963 • Arturo USLAR Pietri and the National Democratic Front • Opportunistic candidacy of Miguel A. Burelli Rivas

  9. Multi-Party System ends with the elections of 1973 Polarization of Electorate Carlos Andres Perez: Este hombre; Si camina! COPEI seen as viable alternative to AD • Petroleum income increases distributive capability of democratic political parties • AD & COPEI benefit from use of patronage • Prospect of a Petro-bonanza dampens revolutionary ardor on the left

  10. Political Parties during the Petro-bonanza • AD • AD (under C.A. Perez, 1974-79) promises fifty years of progress in five • Resource abundance revives mentality of 1950’s • Split between Perez & Betancourt leads to defeat • COPEI • Skillful conduct of opposition to C.A. Perez • Herrera wins presidential elections of 1978 • Corruption reaches unprecedented levels

  11. Political Parties during the Petro-bonanza– more • Militant Left • MAS (co-opted) gets crumbs • Other leftist movements almost invisible • PCV • Causa R

  12. LAST HURRAH Of the Extended Bi-Party System The Lusinchi Administration (1984-89) 1983 Presidential Campaign • Merger of party and government is unprecedented • International price of petroleum continues declining • Heavy borrowing based on assumption that petroleum prices will recover • Manipulation of foreign reserves insures a victory by the AD candidate in December 1988

  13. Decline and Collapse of the Extended Bi-Party System I • The second C.A. Perez Government (1989-93) • Electoral returns • Urban riots of February 1989 • General strike of May 1989 • Neo-liberal Privatization Programs Undermine AD and COPEI • Military coups of 1992 • February 4: Hugo Chavez and the Bolivarians • Eduardo Fernandez’s support for C.A. Perez fractures COPEI • Second coup attempt (November 27), by Navy and Air Force • Elites decide that C.A. Perez must go • Impeachment of C.A. Perez (May,1993)

  14. Decline and Collapse of the Extended Bi-Party System I I • Elections of December 1993 • COPEI squanders its opportunity • Resistance to leadership over backing for CAP • Generational clash • Finishes third in presidential balloting • Ressurrection of Rafael Caldera • Convergencia • MAS signs on • AD moves to a new generation • CAUSA R finishes a strong fourth

  15. Elections of 1998 and the Emergence of MVR • Caldera fails to establish a Christian Democratic alternative • Rise and decline of Irene Saez • International backing • COPEI’ S “kiss of death” • AD • Alfaro’s attempt to manipulate the electoral results backfires • AD abandons Alfaro for Enrique Salas Romer

  16. Elections of 1998 and the Emergence of MVR • Hugo Chávez Frías becomes only viable opposition candidate • Caldera discredited • COPEI discredited • AD Discredited • MAS adds organizational backing AD • Chavez’s charisma increases as Miss Venezuela self-destructs • Chavez wins with 57% of the total vote.

  17. A New Era Hugo Fries Chavez: The Fifth Republic Begins • Chavez supported by a “movement,” (MVR) rather than by an organized political party • AD and COPEI become progressively weaker • Mega-elections of August 2000 gives Chavez 60% of the popular vote

  18. Opposition Political Parties undergo deinstitutionalization • Institutional structures of AD and COPEI decay • MAS destroyed by Chavez personally • New Alternatives relatively weak • Primera Justicia • Un Tiempo Nuevo • Regional political parties • 38% of presidential vote in 2006

  19. From MVR to PartidoSocialistaUnido de Venezolana (PSUV) • Bolivarian concerns over the existing constellation of political parties supporting the Bolivarian Revolution • MVR • Podemos • PPT • 2007-08 – Mixed progress in creating the PSUV

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