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Al Akhawayn University School of Humanities and Social Sciences. Effective listening Presented by: Amine Bennani Khalil El Yamani Rim Bensalah Reda Tahlaoui Supervised by: Pr. M. Ibahrine Based on: Public Speaking, Concepts and skills For A diverse Society, 4th Edition JAFFE.
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Al Akhawayn UniversitySchool of Humanities and Social Sciences Effective listening Presented by: Amine Bennani Khalil El Yamani Rim Bensalah Reda Tahlaoui Supervised by: Pr. M. Ibahrine Based on: Public Speaking, Concepts and skills For A diverse Society, 4th Edition JAFFE
The Learning Objectives: • Appreciate the importance of listening skills • Name two linguistic barriers to listening • Describe cultural factors that hinder listening • Explain how personal barriers affect your listening • Use cultural schema to improve your listening • Identify strategies to improve your comprehensive listening • Improve your critical listening skills • Practice dialogical listening through nonverbal feedback • Give appropriate verbal feedback
An ancient proverb: « We have been given two ears and but a single mouth in order that we may hear more and talk less»
Listening Skills Are Valuable • Can someone tell me why?
Listening Skills Are Valuable We listen most: employers mention that listening is the most commonly used job skill Good listening skill are job skills: Barbers, doctors, journalists even politicians understand the need to listen (WHY) Listening and being heard empowers people and aids personal relationships: being listen to is one of our most basic needs
Barriers to Listening Listening is the combination of many different symbols such as: ▪Ears ▪Eyes (and even) ▪Heart People want to better listen but face obstacles such as linguistic, cultural and personal barriers Discuss this from an Islamic point of view
Linguistic Barriers • Diversity is crucial when it comes to language variations in the world • In one exact place or city hundreds of languages are spoken • Not forgetting different language usage among different groups using the same language
Linguistic Barriers: Language Differences • A language shared between speakers in a country is vital for communication or more precisely speaking or listening. • Accents and dialects can also complicate the understanding of the words one hears: - Ex: A person from India can ask if he or she can have some water pronouncing it “vaater.” • People have always got to pay attention to people with different regional accents or ethnic dialects.
Linguistic Barriers: Vocabulary Differences • Not all listeners will understand all the vocabulary in a language: -If a speech is being given on French cuisine then the audience will need to know the terminology of this specific field to be able to understand -Jargon for rocket science is different to jargon for archeology • When a listener does not share a speaker’s vocabulary then the speech will not be easy to understand Here your are referring to the register, which means a subset of a language used for a particular purpose in a particular social setting
Cultural Barriers • One could also fail to understand a speaker’s cultural allusions or references to historical, literary and religious sources: - In other words a person that grew up listening to The Beatles would not know or appreciate Eminem or 50 Cent. - A Christian would not be able to define what the Muslim term “bismillah,” is.
Personal Barriers • There are many personal factors, which may distract a listener from paying attention to a speech. • Physical factors such as hearing loss, insomnia, hunger and illness can interrupt one from listening. • Psychological factors such as having to worry about other issues in ones life can distract a listener. Problems like previous arguments, stressing for a test, or having an overdrawn bank account are major factors.
Personal Barriers (Cont’d) • Listening can also be an issue when the speaker is being judged. • People stereotype when putting someone into a category. • Prejudice means that a listener can already have a negative or positive opinion on the speaker, which will affect the listener from paying attention.
Personal Barriers (cont’d) • Taking small departures from the communication line. In other words to interact with the speakers ideas using ones own knowledge. Usually the most productive. • Going off on a tangent. Not concentrating on the main idea. Too many ideas are mentioned and this leads to stop listening. • Engaging in a private argument. Challenging and arguing internally. • Taking large departures from the communication line. The listener in this case is also mixing different issues taking him or her off the main topic.
Use Cultural Schemas • Schemas are mental plans or models that guide your perception, interpretation, storage, and recollection of a speech.
Know Your Listening Purpose • Improve your comprehension: • Prepare in advance. • Use attention directing strategies. • Enhance the meaning. • Look for organizational patterns. • Use strategies that complement your personal learning style. • Do not ignore the speaker’s manner.
Know Your Listening Purpose (cont’d) • Improve your critical listening skills: Critical listening is the listening that requires you to reflect and weigh the merits of persuasive messages before you accept them. • What is this speaker’s goal? • Does this message make sense? • Where does the information come from? • What are the benefits of adopting the speaker’s ideas? • What problems, if any, go along with this position? • Am I being swayed by my emotions? • Should I trust this speaker?
Practice dialogical Listening • As one listen to a public speech, the listener provide different interactions: ► Non verbal feedback ►Verbal feedback
Give Appropriate Nonverbal Feedback • Managing these factors can help the listener send feedback more effectively: >Posture >Distance >Movements
Posture • The posture communicates involvement and helps to focus attention: ▪ Face the speaker squarely ▪ Turn toward the speaker more directly if you are sitting in the corner of the room. ▪ Lean forward slightly ▪ Let you body assume a relaxed, and open position.
Distance • The more you interact with the speaker, the more you will understand and remember. • Instructors interact more regularly with students who are sitting in the first two or three rows, toward the center.
Movements • Avoid disruptive behaviors as: -Fidgeting -Shuffling papers -Drumming fingers on the desk • Support the speaker by making: -Eye contact -Smiling at an amusing anecdote -Nodding in support of a major point -Applauding when appropriate
GiveAppropriate Verbal Feedback • Questions and comments arise as you listen, so if a question and answer period will follow the speech, write down your questions and comments, as: -Loaded questions -Closed questions -Open questions -Clarification questions -Requests for elaboration -Comments