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The Baroque Era (a misshapen pearl)

The Baroque Era (a misshapen pearl). 1600 – 1750 (Approximate dates). Continued trends of Renaissance (social, cultural, economic). Six major developments – many had impact on music. 1 . Reformation aftermath Church had less influence Increase in secular music.

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The Baroque Era (a misshapen pearl)

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  1. The Baroque Era(a misshapen pearl) 1600 – 1750 (Approximate dates)

  2. Continued trends of Renaissance (social, cultural, economic) • Six major developments – many had impact on music

  3. 1. Reformation aftermath • Church had less influence • Increase in secular music

  4. 2. Rise of absolute monarchy • Kings and queens rule entire countries • More music for royalty; patronage system grows

  5. 3. Increased power and wealth of middle class • Merchants, bankers, artisans • Growth of amateur music groups • 4. Development of regional cultures • Regional styles of music

  6. 5. Continued scientific discovery • Galileo – astronomy • Leeuwenhoek – microscope • Newton – Law of Gravity

  7. 6. Colonization of the New World • Pilgrims in 1607

  8. Art and Music • El Grecco, Rembrandt • Architecture became more ornate

  9. “Doctrine of Affections” • Emotions caused by fluid imbalances (love, fear, joy, anger, etc.) • Art and music could stimulate fluid flows

  10. Music trends of the Baroque • Continued growth of secular and instrumental • Music more ornate (polyphonic) • Germany and France also important cultural centers (England – Italy) • New forms, groups and instruments

  11. Polyphonic texture dominates • Secular music equals sacred music • Instrumental equals vocal music

  12. Random terms • Movements – shorter, independent sections of a larger work • Suite – set of shorter, independent movements; usually dance forms • Imitative counterpoint – many melody lines performing similar yet different parts at the same time

  13. (terms continued) • Terraced dynamics – sudden change in dynamic level • Figured bass – form of musical shorthand where accompaniment is indicated by a system of numbers and symbols • Canon – composition for two or more parts in which one enters after another in exact imitation • “Canon in D” by Johann Pachelbel

  14. Baroque Vocal Music • 4 main large vocal forms • Mass; based on Catholic worship • Cantata; shorter, Protestant form • Oratorio; large work that tells a story, usually religious, not acted out • Opera; large work that tells a secular story, costumes, props, etc.

  15. Castrato singers • Women not allowed to sing lead rolls • Used “surgically altered” men • Chosen as boys; was an honor • Demonstrated social place of women at that time

  16. Baroque Instrumental Music • Appearance of 1st orchestra – 1607 • Standardization of instrument construction • High quality of stringed instruments • Stadavari, Guarneri • Still considered best ever

  17. Equal temperament tuning • Involved keyboards – harpsichord, etc. • Could play in any key ; something new • Bach did much to promote and prove this method

  18. New instrumental music forms • Concerto grosso – orchestra and small group of soloists (2-3) • Solo concerto – orchestra and one soloist • Suite – set of shorter, independent movements • Fugue – complicated polyphonic work, represented climax of Baroque music development • Instrumental music equals vocal music

  19. Important Baroque Composers • G. F. Handel (1685 – 1759) • Born in Germany • Worked for King George in England (patronage system at work) • Wrote instrumental and vocal; sacred and secular

  20. Handel “biggies” • “The Messiah” (oratorio) • Stand during the “Hallelujah Chorus” because King George did • “The Water Music” (suite for King George birthday) • Many others

  21. Archangelo Corelli (1653 – 1713) • Italy • Concerto grosso • “The Christmas Concerto” #8 in g minor • Used in the movie, Master and Commander: Far Side of the World

  22. Antonio Vivaldi (1678 – 1741) • Italy • Solo concerto (450 of them) • Wrote for all instruments but mostly violin • “Four Seasons” – most well known • Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter

  23. Johann Sebastian Bach (1685 – 1750) • Greatest of Baroque composers • Wrote all kinds of music; vocal and instrumental; sacred and secular • Fugue master – took it to its highest form • Source for modern music theory

  24. “The Well-tempered Clavier” • Helped prove equal temperament • “Brandenburg Concertos” • “Toccata and Fugue in d Minor” • Nearly 300 cantatas

  25. Bach’s “Suite for Unaccompanied Cello” was also used in the movie Master and Commander:Far Side of the World

  26. Baroque Music Summary • Polyphonic texture was dominant • Secular grew to equal sacred • Instrumental grew to equal vocal • Lots of new forms for instruments • Source of music theory today

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